Assignment Classical Conditioning Paper

My Tutorials are ONLY for your aid —Â   to help you! All tutorials have been turned in once by me and is my original work. I have excellent grades! You must do your own work with paraphrasing and summarizing. Thank you! Classical Conditioning Student’s Name PSY 390 Date __, 20__ Kay Rubin Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning is an intrinsic style of learning, which occurs by generating a response made by unconditioned stimuli’s, and was produced in 1903 by Ivan Pavlov (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009).The theory behind classical conditioning is often known as one the most acceptable and oldest forms to model when learning about various human behaviors. This paper will focus on theoretical conditions and apply classical conditioning through a various examples as a means to give a better understanding. First off, it is important to understand that a scientist by the name of Pavlov discovered classical conditioning and was by sheer happenstance when examining the digestive system of canines (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009).Another man, by the name of Watson, expanded the understanding of classical conditioning, which is in direct association to the way we learn. Nonetheless, both Watson and Pavlov pioneered classical conditioning as being the main source for remedial affects with creating sound behaviors and phobias. Teachers, parents, businesses, etc. will often use classical conditioning to influence behavior in daily circumstances. For instance, a wife can influence her husband by putting the toilet seat down more consistently by knowing how to utilize classical conditioning with her spouse.One of the first principles’s discovered was a stimulus, which causes instinctive responses (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009. ) For instances, the smell of a cooking food, can cause one to be hungry. One of the stimuli’s, which can cause an instinctive reaction, is referred to as the unconditioned stimulus (US): the food. The unconscious response to the US is referred to as the unconditioned response (UR): the hunger. The neutral stimulus is the second principle, which is not the cause of the UR, rather it is a noise related to it: such as a dinner bell (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009. The dinner bell is presented just before the US is stimulated, which is referred to as the conditioned stimulus (CS). The third theory takes place after the US and CS are coupled many times with that of the CS and is usually moments sooner than the US (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009. ) In short, the CS (dinner bell) unaccompanied will originate the hunger. The hunger response, which is similar to the response of the US (food) will cause the proper response need for the CS (dinner bell). In retrospect, the conditioned reaction (CR) has now been assimilated.The US is the reinforcer because the whole conditioning process pivots on whatever reinforcements are being utilized (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009. ) Although in classical conditioning, the animal or person wil l not always have control over reinforcements, since it happens when the person who is using classical conditioning wishes for it to transpire (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009. ) Conversely, reinforcements are not dependent on any palpable responses: therefore, the behaviors are discovered in their unique ways.Rather classical conditioning that takes place in an animal or person will learn quickly which ecological influences are supportive to its existence (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009. ) When viewing the success of classical conditioning, it typically obtains several pairings, which encompass a US and a CS, and are measured as an association to learning. One of the key elements to associative learning is in classical conditioning, and requires a natural instinct to strengthen (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009. Conditioned Fears John B. Watson, in 1921, was an extremist in environmental determinist, who furthered Pavlov’s philosophies within the human race. Watson strongly felt that every perso n born had a small amount of essential emotions and reflexes (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009. ) Additionally, his belief was that feeling and emotions were from experiences and genetics. He established that classical conditioning could originate phobias or fears when particular reflexes become coupled with several stimuli’s.Watson disputed with three fundamental emotions (rage, fear, and love) were hereditary, and that these three crucial emotions convert into distinct belongings amongst each person (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009. ) To demonstrate this, Watson experiment on a youngster named Albert. Albert was conditioned using a steel bar, a hammer, and a white rat (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009. ) At the beginning of the experimentation, Albert was familiarized with a white rat.He had shown no indication of anxiousness or fear when touching it or interacting with it. Following the initial interaction, Albert would reach for the white rat and then right following, a person would pound the h ammer alongside a steel bar triggering Albert to violently jump back; scaring him. Over a period, Albert became accustomed to a phobia of white rats. By no means did Watson ever fully accept Pavlov’s theories of classical conditioning since he did not feel that it solely relied on reinforcement in its entirety.Rather, he thought classical conditioning emerges due to the fact that the US and CS are harmonizing repetitively and in close proximity of each other (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009. ) The frequency of being coupled together would become more durable with its association. Therefore, classical conditioning can also be utilized when removing fears. Classical Scenario Given that classical conditioning has been influenced and utilized by parents, teachers, businesses, etc. , many ordinary individuals will use classical conditioning to manipulate others into doing what they want for them.For instance, a recently married couple is sharing the only bathroom they have together. The wife is sick and tired of putting down the toilet seat every time she wants to use the bathroom. At this point, she chooses to utilize classical conditioning to influence her spouse to lowering the lid. The wife strikes up a deal: if she cooks his favorite food, he will agree by keeping the lid down. In return, the husband is obligated to make super if he leaves the lid up. The husband begins to realize this is not a fair deal and is becoming quite weary of making the dinners.On into the second week, the husband then becomes habitual about putting the lid down and thus avoids the nagging wife: leaving the wife making his favorite meal for a period of time. The US is the harassing, the UR is experiencing annoyance and making dinner for himself, and the CS is the lid to the toilet. The husband is the CR needing to put down the the lid to the toilet instinctively. When CS and US are coupled together several times, in addition to the UR of annoyance of making his own dinners, the CR is instituted when the husband becomes habitual with her initial requests. Classical Conditioning Time Chart | |CR+UR+CR |US+CS | | | |Leaving Lid Up |Putting Lid Down | | | |( |( | | | |Husband is badgered and is |Wife agrees to cook one of his | | | |obligated to cook meals. |favorite dinners and withdraws | | | | |badgering. |Week One |Monday |( | | | |Tuesday | |( | | |Wednesday |( | | | |Thursday | |( | | |Friday |( | | | |Saturday | |( | | |Sunday |( | | |Week Two |Monday |( | | | |Tuesday |( | | | |Wednesday |( | | | |Thursday | |( | | Friday | |( | | |Saturday | |( | | |Sunday | |( | This chart displays the affects when the wife found the lid up and if she badgered her husband, she would make him fix his own meals. On the other hand, if the wife had stopped reinforcing her husband’s actions by making him fix his own meals or withdraw the badgering, the husband would fail to remember this associated pattern about putting the toilet lid down. Conclusion In summary, classic al conditioning was founded by Ivan Pavlov and expounded upon by Jon B.Watson. Coincidently, Pavlov stumbled upon classical conditioning by chance, whereas Watson utilized classical conditioning to shape associative learning. Both Watson and Pavlov pioneered classical conditioning as an accomplished aid for creating different behaviors and curing phobias. Parents, teachers, businesses, etc. will often utilize classical conditioning when manipulating certain behaviors. As displayed in the chart, a wife can influence and manipulate her spouse into classical conditioning.References Olson, M. H. & Hergenhahn, B. R. (2009). An introduction to theories of learning (8th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall.

Money spent on space researches Essay

Throughout the history of mankind, we humans have always been eager to explore the world and space around us. Many developed countries have been funding the research programs aim at developing and improving the technology for space exploration. On the other hand, several research programs aim at improving the quality of life and providing the basic necessities of life to needy people have not been implemented due to lack of funds, In my opinion money and effort spends on space exploration is a complete a fruitful expenditure for the next generation. The space exploration gives us a vast advantage to the world such as the space exploration helps us understand the universe that we live in; gather knowledge and understanding of different celestial bodies around us.it give us proper information about what’s happening around the world so basically most of countries’ had used to do their daily routing by using non kind of technologies which will help to maintain its country n eeds. Furthermore the space exploration has wind up in the sky while improving its technology now it had already become an indispensible part of every developed countries. Meanwhile space satellites and some other equipment’s had already being situated around the earth; satellites can update its data through the data transmission method that used to communicate between earth and space. Thus sciences had improved gradually in case of space exploration In spite of taking the disadvantages of forecasting, the science had found out the more advance, accurate and fastest technology called weather updates through the satellite and it can detect natural Disasters like storms on before it happens in particular country of state. Nevertheless space exploration is almost interesting concept for most of the people for some reasons as follows; it creates us a clear picture about the space, universe where we are living. In this particular option people were able to use Global Positioning System (GPS) it gives the vast advantages such as finding the position wherever and every corner of the earth. Within this option it can be provide for many purposes nowadays the air transportation increased due to population and everyone’s wanted travel around the world without facing any troubles so the aviation has winded up while using GPS so in this particular time the technology has improved and the GPS systems had already provided in aircrafts. In spite of  taking the risk of passengers on the craft the ingenious scientist had developed the technology. According to new sciences there are plenty of advantages on space exploration. On the other hand space exploration can be help to protect earth from non-kind of destruction on space such as comet, meteors and sudden space explosions. When it does began to floating it carries most destructive parts around space so in this case those exploded meteors can be attempt on our milky way. Throughout that space exploration we humans cannot even find what kind of a distress that earth is going to confront not only earth it could be incidence to another planet too. So in the particular time technology can be help to protect earth. Moreover we have most sophisticated, advanced satellite systems’ which can detect those kind destructive fragments before it’s entering to our ozone layer. So under these, we humans can live safe and sound. In general the population among the countries’ had gradually increasing, the extent of living areas getting reduced. Some other significant resources such as water, pure oxygen levels will be reduce. So that the villages are being transformed into cities and the cities are being more and more populous. Moreover when the population is increasing there should be and limits in wants. So the food industries needs to maintain the market, suppliers of daily necessities must have to go for alternative options to balance the market and people needs. Even though marketers tries to provide alternative options when there is a crisis, in the same way throughout space exploration many of scientists had anticipated and discovering enormous space objects and their researching about the conditions on particular space objects whereas earth the humans can live comfortably on those planets.

Sample Q

Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) When backed by buying power, wants become A) self-esteem needs B) physical needs C) demands D) exchanges E) social needs 2) When dealing with a(n) managers must decide whether to invest in it in an attempt to build it into a star or cash cow or whether to phase it out. A) cash cow B) cat C) exclamation mark D) dog E) question mark 3) Because of increasing Americans will demand higher quality products, books, magazines, travel, personal computers, and Internet services.A) levels of education B) family size C) numbers of nontraditional females D) ethnic diversity E) social class awareness 4) Causal research Is used to A) test hypotheses about cause-and-effect relationships B) gather preliminary information that will help define problems C) uncover information in an unstructured way D) quantify observations that produce insights unobtainable through other forms of research E) describe marketing prob lems or situations 5) Donna wants to buy a new coat. During the stage of her purchase process she will ask her friends to recommend a store and/or a style of coat.She will search the newspaper for coat sales, and she will visit nearby stores to see what is available in her price range. A) product evaluation B) information search C) purchase decision D) need recognition E) alternative evaluation 6) When Burger King targets children, teens, adults, and seniors with deferent ads and media, it is practicing segmentation. A) behavioral 8) lifestyle C) age and life-cycle D) user status.

Marketing journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Marketing journal - Essay Example Normally surveys are conducted demographically to determine various segments of buyers according to age, sex, education, location and other factors. However this kind of division fails to highlight the motivation of the consumer and often marketing based on such results is disappointing. A good method of measuring this has been devised by SRIC-BI who has conducted psychological survey of thousands of consumers from every walk of life during 1987-92. They call it VALS. This survey attempts to analyze the inherent instincts or psychological traits of the consumer that have developed over his/her experiences and knowledge and have become the drivers of purchase decisions. This has provided an insight about why we buy. I undertook this seemingly incongruous survey that seemed simple and somewhat inconsequential. However the results highlighted my attitude and aptitude and I must admit that it was able to capture the essence of my personality. The survey categorized me into the segment called Thinkers. Under VALS terminology the three segmentations of consumers are determined by their motivation. These are Innovators, Thinkers and Survivors. The descriptions are indicative of their capabilities; the innovators are daring and will be easily induced to trying new products and experimenting with the unknown; the thinkers are conservatives but willing to try new products within the existing parameters of their attitudes and aptitudes; while the survivors are those who are practical and will make decisions only according to their means. Recently I decided to buy a laptop for use in my consulting profession. My requirements were that the product had to be easily portable, that would not fail at a critical moment, should be reasonably priced and, since it was a high-tech gadget, good and prompt after sales service should be available whenever and wherever needed.

MGM465-0801A-05 Business Strategy - Phase 1 Individual Project Essay

MGM465-0801A-05 Business Strategy - Phase 1 Individual Project - Essay Example Warden International, Incorporated is a conglomerate international firm is in the process a merger & acquisition deal to purchase Able Corporation. The target investment, Able Corporation, is a company dedicated to manufacturing portable and electric power tools. This report provides a qualitative analysis of different aspects that the newly formed management team of Walton & Able must consider in the planning process to develop a strategic plan for Able Corporation by the stipulated deadline of June 11, 2008. Able Corporation has been in business for a while and has lots of experience in their industry. The human capital that has been developed in-house in this firm are hold valuable information which can not be reproduced by any other means other than directly retrieve the information directly from the source. The employees of the company at all levels are the first place to look in order to build a new mission statement for the newly acquired subsidiary of Walton International. The employees should also be part of the strategic planning process since the data needed to create alternative solutions concerning important business functions such as risk management and corporate social responsibility strategies within their minds. The identity of the company was defined through years of harmony and synergies that was lived by the employees of the company who determine the corporate culture of the company. A corporate culture is a system of shared actions, values, and beliefs that develops within an organization and guides the behavior of its members (Schermerhorn & Hunt & Osborn, 2003). During the initial phases of the negotiation process between the board of directors of Able and the executive management team the topic of organization cultural integration had to be discussed. As the merger moves forward the company needs to determine the best exploit the competitive advantages that can be achieved with the union of two workforces. A way to initially

Single-Slit Diffraction and Interference Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Single-Slit Diffraction and Interference - Essay Example Diffraction causes the phenomenon of Interference, which is defined as the diffraction pattern produced on a screen on the other side of the obstacle from the light source. Thus, when monochromatic light passes through a single slit, it flares out, producing a single-slit interference or diffraction pattern on the screen. The diffraction pattern has a bright central region, which is surrounded by symmetrically distributed less intense regions. These bright bands are the ‘maxima’ or areas of constructive interference, interspersed by the ‘minima’ or dark regions of destructive interference. Thesis Statement: This paper will describe single-slit diffraction and interference. Single-Slit Diffraction and Interference A plane wave of light travels in a straight line; so when such a wave passes through a rectangular slit, one may expect it to fall on a distant screen in the form of a bright rectangle with sharp edges. However, the process of diffraction of light t hrough the single-slit causes the interference or diffraction pattern formed on the screen to have blurred edges with faint lines of bright and dark, where some light has spread into the shadow. The light wave spreading out from the slit is actually the interference effect termed as diffraction. As a result of diffraction, the light’s intensity is not uniform on the screen, and it extends into the shadow where it appears as secondary maxima. Between bright places in the shadow there are dark places termed intensity minima, where there is no light. According to Holbrow, Lloyd, Amato et al (2010), this is to be expected, taking a single slit of finite width b as two slits of width b/2 with no separation between them. â€Å"There might be interference between the light wavefronts coming from these two different halves of the slit† (Holbrow et al 2010, p.313). By considering the slit of width b to be composed of narrower slits, the occurrence of the intensity minima of the Interference or diffraction pattern can be calculated. Serway and Vuille (2006) reiterate that slits cannot be assumed to have negligible widths acting as line sources of light. On the other hand, their non-zero widths form the basis for understanding the nature of the Fraunhofer Diffraction Pattern produced by a single slit. Further, â€Å"according to Huygens’ principle, each portion of the slit acts as a source of waves† (Serway & Vuille 2006, p.638). A single slit diffraction pattern is formed when light passes through a single slit whose width w is on the order of the wavelength of the light. Huygen’s principle states that each part of the slit can be considered as an emitter of waves. â€Å"All these waves interfere to produce the diffraction pattern† (Physics, 2012). In the diagram (Fig.1) below is seen a slit of width w, through which light is passing through. Fig.1. Single-Split Diffraction and Interference: Direction of the Light Wave (Physics, 2012) Destructive interference may occur between the ray at the top edge (ray 1) and the middle ray (ray 5). If so, the same occurs between rays 2 and 6, between 3 and 7, and b between 4 and 8. Thus, light from one-half of the single slit interferes destructively and cancels out light from the other half. â€Å"Ray 1 and ray 5 are half a wavelength out of phase if ray 5 must travel one-half wavelength further than ray 1† (Physics, 2012). Fig.2. Single-Split Diffraction: Gradations in Light Intensity and Dark Areas (Physics,

Discussion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 85

Discussion - Assignment Example Covering such cases ensures that people understand their vulnerability to stalkers thus acting appropriately to protect themselves from such criminals. The coverage of the woman who entered a man’s house illegally portrays the lack luster attitude the society adopts in addressing such crimes despite their importance and the danger they present. The two websites weird News and Mail Online are blogs that do not enjoy any immense traffic. The mainstream media avoided the story thus leaving it for gutter press and blog both of which thrive on sensational reporting. Such media write adopt an entertaining angle to a story instead of informing their target audience. The society must therefore change its attitude and strive to enhance security by observing the dynamic structure of insecurity in the society. Stalking from jilted lovers always turn harmful owing to the emotions that arise from such engagements (Dobbert, 2004). The woman in both cases risked her life and nearly died. She did not only cause harm to herself but also threatened the life of her victim since no one understood her intentions for seeking the illegal entry int o the

Critically evaluate the extent to which the role of leaders and Essay

Critically evaluate the extent to which the role of leaders and managers contributes to employee motivation and engagement with - Essay Example Managers should engage in motivation as it eases unnecessary fears among the employees. Statistics reveal that workers perform poorly under oppression as compared to when motivated. The following script outlines the importance of motivation, relevant theories, and the essence as to why leaders should use the tool (Lauby, 2005:69). Mangers role in employee motivation An employee is one of the most critical factors of production. This is because; they have the duty to carry out all tasks, irrespective of whether machinery or manual operation. The essence is that, no matter the employees competence to a task, shortcomings may arise due to monotony, frustration, and oppression. Managers must try to curb behaviors that tend to mislead the company, and practice behaviors that will gear up progression and prosperity (Kusluvan, 2003:340). Bearing in mind that, every set of human beings does exhibit distinct cultures, managers should observe and tame that culture which favors the company more . Culture comprises of personal beliefs, attributes, needs, and behaviors. On addressing these issues properly, the company pursues its objectives and strategically beats competition. Managers should simply address issues in a friendly way and welcome views from the employees. They should avoid ideologies of drawing attention from the employees that they should recognize them by their positions (Podmorof, 2005:67). Role of leadership and managers An employee will perceive a motivating factor whenever it affects his welfare. Decades ago, managers and leaders experienced the same issues that occur in modern businesses; this led to the development of various theories that can actively apply in solving human related problems in organization. Among them was Abraham Maslow who distinguished human needs in the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs pyramid. The pyramid elaborates needs from the most pressing, those one cannot do without, to those perceived as defining class in the society. The pyramid addresses as; biological and physiological, safety, belongingness and love, esteem, and self-actualization (Bruce, 2006:80). The pyramid describes necessities as biological and social needs. It states that an employee will work to cater for his necessities, which are; air, food, shelter and clothing. It argues that, the reason as to why human beings strive in their daily chores is to ensure that they are able to meet their needs effectively (Levesque, 2008:59). No one can survive without food since hunger is a recurring problem. For example, after feeding, people do not sit back and assume that they have made a solution to hunger eternally. Similarly, shelter poses as a pressing need as all people strive to live in houses to avoid bad weather conditions and enhance privacy. Due to evolution, the modern man finds clothing crucial as it is also ethical and moral to dress-up (Doyle, 2005:180). On achieving all basic needs, human beings will find that they need safety in their lives. Therefore, they seek protection from all societal vices and device security channels that will cover their lives from dangers (Kusluvan, 2003:340). Since all humans may enforce their feelings in handling different threats, the modern man has sort to come up with laws that accommodate all virtues, laying down procedures to handle different problems. There are limits within the society under which one can act in his own

Is Learning a Skill so Necessary in Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Is Learning a Skill so Necessary in Life - Essay Example I will argue this statement, learning a skill does not necessarily mean understanding it. My essays have a consistency of the message that claims the clarity and logic of my reasoning (the logos rule) which enables me to impact my audience through a logical appeal. With these skills, it is comfortable to say that I am an excellent persuasive essay writer as going to be discussed. Usually, the statements that writers would tend to make to express themselves, there is always someone who had already made them better. I make sure that the quote is connected to the topic in some easily identifiable way. While writing I usually like to ask a question this is my favorite technique since it could be applicable to any topic at any time. Additionally, it has a strong rhetorical effect on readers: people are conditioned to think about questions because answers are often expected of them. When I ask a question in my essay, readers are more likely to consider my ideas. As of writing, I use attention catcher that makes my readers want to take their time making a good decision that supports my proposal and by doing this can persuade my audience immediately. The analogy that could be used to explain this is that of a criminal prosecutor in a criminal case. The attorney cannot just state that â€Å"There were some blood drops in the defendant’s car,† and finalize the argument. He has to provide more evidence as that is not sufficient to base an argument. Likewise, writers need to explain what their evidence shows to make the connection. I do not make the readers draw their conclusions; that is my job for example; â€Å"The West has always been perceived as the land for better opportunities by the rest of the world. The overwhelming population in most Asian countries especially in China force people to migrate to western countries especially the US.

Does malcom x deserve the honor of being on a U.S. stamp Essay

Does malcom x deserve the honor of being on a U.S. stamp - Essay Example He later died of an assassination on February 21 1965 (Draper 48). The USPS has strategies that recognize distinguished contributors in the history of the U.S. This is courtesy of the USPS Black Heritage Series that recognizes overlooked historic contributors in America. Among the leaders recognized in the strategy, include Martin Luther King, Jr., Scott Joplin, Sojourner Truth and other leaders in the country’s history. The USPS, through a committee, nominates leaders and historic contributors from a diversity of fields. Such fields include entrepreneurs, scientists, political and social activists. On 20 January 1999, the USPS announced and made celebration for featuring Malcolm X as among the list of notable contributors in the history of the country. That was courtesy of the 33-cent stamp, which bears the photograph of Malcolm X. The USPS featured a photograph of Malcolm X on a 33-cent stamp as a form of honor attributed to his contribution to the history of the country. This was part of the black heritage remembrance series. The decision by USPS triggered the debate on whether he held credit for the recognition (Cooks 161). Malcolm X did not deserve the honor of being on a U.S stamp. The honor by USPS has its basis on appreciation of the nominees in making the history of the country. Malcolm X does not fit the description of one among the great contributors of the history of the country. He was a renowned advocate of Black Nationalism. He was notably in opposition with the nonviolent policies and multiracial approach to having the challenges the blacks faced end, his contribution remains immense. This formed a major reason for their differences with Martin Luther Jr. The two leaders never shared common ways of advocating for the rights of the people. The contribution of Malcolm X in coming up with various acts advocating for the rights of the blacks remains promoted violence. His participation in the 1964 debate over the Civil Rights Act remains a

Power the Structure of Conflict Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Power the Structure of Conflict - Case Study Example Bringing both the parties at level with each other through communication is the greatest task of mediation aiming at eliminating power abuse. In the given case study, Roland makes use of his power through verbal bullying and abuse with his partner and the subordinates, which makes him less popular among them due to which people working under him are suffering through job dissatisfaction. Power imbalance between the two partners, Roland and Karen, makes them enter into conflicts every now and then and since Karen seems to be in less power, this makes her submissive and more understanding. Roland can deal with the conflicts in a better way by communicating with the workers on friendly terms and making them feel at ease with him so that they share their ideas with him and a better solution is approached. But since, Roland wants to use his power therefore he is less understanding and is imposing his decisions upon the others.

Source Review for Text Essay Example for Free

Source Review for Text Essay In the article â€Å"Unleashing the power of the annual report at DTCC†, Goldstein (2005) points out the reason why communication opportunity and unique marketing should be seized. This article is related to the report of efficiently communicating of the annual report; however, it is not a useful source for its limited relevance and potential bias. This article is about marketing process and communication. Goldstein (2005) argues that annual report cannot reach readers whatever in which form, online or printed, if the report is not modern. In order to support this argument, Goldstein presents several advantages of annual reports. Annual report provides a chance to coherent forward-looking stories and to shows how to perceive a company. A company’s annual report is also the best opportunity to leave a deep impression to shareholders so that staffs can provide a â€Å"unique voice† to tell a clear and consistent story about the direction and increasingly diverse shareholder audience can be resonated with staffs. There is potential bias on the part of the author, which is a decrease to the reliability of the source. Base on his own experience and opinion, Goldstein (2005) makes his opinion subjective. Else, the author is a managing director of Depository Trust and Cleaning Corporations (DTCC); this reduces the reliability of the information since it can be viewed as a form of self-promotion. The limitation is that the author puts himself in DTCC’s position, and it makes his opinion narrow. Although the author offers some suitable advice on making a better annual report, for instance, choosing a central theme and developing a secondary theme, etc. Most of the examples come from author’s personal experience, so there is not enough evidence to prove the author’s opinion. Goldstein, S, 2005, â€Å"Unleashing the power of the annual report at DTCC†, Strategic Communication Management, Vol.9, Issue.3, P30-33.

The Express Transportation And Logistics Industry Commerce Essay

The Express Transportation And Logistics Industry Commerce Essay Using examples from FedEx Corporation and your own research on the Global Transportation and Logistics Industry, critically evaluate the: Strategic Vision and visionary Leadership behind FedEx Corporation Federal Express is a global express transportation and logistics company that offers customers a single source for global shipping, logistics, and supply chain solutions. It was founded in 1973 by Frederick W. Smith. Since its inception FedEx pioneered the express delivery industry. The company focused on the core business of express delivery and provided overnight delivery services to the customers globally. However, the transformation of businesses and customers from old economy to the new economy forced FedEx to reposition itself from overnight delivery service to a one-stop-shop for the entire logistics requirement of the business. The company became the logistics service provider of leading organizations, like, General Motors. Background: During the late 1960s, Frederick Smith (Smith) chanced upon an idea to start an airline courier company. During this period, it was common practice to send packages as cargo on commercial carriers like American, United or Delta Airlines. This practice had a number of drawbacks because passenger airlines usually operated during the daytime and were grounded at night. In addition, freight forwarders (the company responsible for carrying the packages from the airport to the destination address) usually did not offer home delivery. Smith felt the need to start an airline courier company that would address all these problems. During his college years, he recognized that the United States was becoming a service-oriented economy and needed a reliable, overnight delivery service company designed to solely transport packages and documents. He wrote a Yale term paper on this idea, and received C grade. His professor thought it would never work. Fortunately for Frederick Smith, he didnt take it to heart and ended up building that company he dreamed of.Smith found investors willing to contribute $40 million, used $8 million in family money, and received bank financing. He started Federal Express with over $80 million, making it the largest company of its time ever funded by venture capital. In the last 36 years, FedEx has expanded horizontally with its five subsidiaries to include FedEx Express (formerly Federal Express), FedEx Ground (formerly Roadway Package System), FedEx Custom Critical (formerly Roberts Express), FedEx Logistics (formerly Caliber Logistics), and Viking Freight. As a result, the FedEx family has been able to compete collectively in the express transportation and logistics industries. FedExs strategy is to corroborate on selling and synergies for all FedEx companies, but run operations separately and keep each companys strengths and markets separate. Today, services offered by FedEx include worldwide express delivery, ground small-parcel delivery, less-than-truckload freight delivery, and global logistics, supply chain management, and electronic commerce solutions. Federal Express is the worlds largest package delivery company today. FedEx began its operations with the sole focus of improving customer segmentation, pricing and quality of services for the overnight delivery market in the United States. Since then, it has grown to provide leading document and freight services for the entire North America and for over 212 countries abroad. Federal Express Corporation had the visionary leadership to become the first mover in the express transportation and logistics industry leaving FedEx with one source of differentiation: their ability to help in the control of the entire supply chain management. FedEx Firsts Company dedicated to overnight package delivery Offer next-day delivery by 10h30 Offer Saturday deliveries Offer a time definitive service for freight Money-back guarantees and free proof of performance services that now extend to its worldwide network The companys ability to use technology and create its own supply of resources has made it difficult for competitors to match the companys standards for service.FedEx has been successful mainly because of their technological advancements. Technology has allowed them to have superior customer service and quality that was unparalleled by any company. No company was able to offer overnight delivery of packages with the speed and precision that Federal Express did. FedExs modeling capability gave them a competitive advantage as they implemented new methods and technology. They currently have a SuperHub with several regional hubs and packages are managed and tracked by a system called COSMOS. COSMOS Customers, Operations and Services Master Online System, a centralized computer system to manage people, packages, vehicles and weather scenarios in real time. This system allowed customers to know where their packages are at all times and was later integrated for web use, allowing customers to track packages over the Internet. In addition, the customized delivery service of the company is unique in the market. Mission Statement The Mission Statement of FedEx is to produce superior financial returns for stockholders, by providing high value-added logistics, transportation and related information services through focused operating companies. Customer requirements will be met in the highest quality manner appropriate to each market segment served. FedEx will strive to develop mutually rewarding relationships with its employees, partners and suppliers. Safety will be the first consideration in all operations. Corporate activities will be conducted to the highest ethical and professional standards. This mission statement shows that FedEx has a clear focus. (1) The main focus is to bring returns to stockholders. (2) They will emphasize adding value above and beyond just their service of transporting an object from one place to another. (3) Their focus of operations will be logistics, transportation, and related information. This mission statement is focused enough to keep FedEx from diversifying into for example, food products; yet vague enough to allow growth in all of those areas.   Philosophy Federal Express holds a People-Service-Profit philosophy. The People goal is the continuous improvement of managements leadership. The Service standard is 100 percent customer satisfaction. The Profit goal is much like any other companys goal, and is essential to long-term viability. This philosophy governs how FedEx runs its business, and defines strategies. Federal Express Five-Point Strategy Federal Express has five strategies that govern business tactics. These are to improve service levels, lower unit costs, establish international leadership and sustain profitability, get closer to the customer, and maintain the People-Service-Profit Philosophy. The unique FedEx operating strategy works seamlessly and simultaneously on three levels. Compete collectively  by standing as one brand worldwide and speaking with one voice. Operate independently  by focusing on our independent networks to meet distinct customer needs. Manage collaboratively  by working together to sustain loyal relationships with our workforce, customers and investors. Values People: We value our people and promote diversity in our workplace and in our thinking. Service: Our absolutely, positively spirit puts our customers at the heart of everything we do. Innovation: We invent and inspire the services and technologies that improve the way we work and live. Integrity: We manage our operations, finances and services with honesty, efficiency and reliability. Responsibility: We champion safe and healthy environments for the communities in which we live and work. Loyalty: We earn the respect and confidence of our FedEx people, customers and investors every day, in everything we do Transportation and logistics infrastructure within FedEx Corporation FedEx started its operation by sending eight packages on the first night, of which 7 were trial run addresses from one employee to another. The company has since grown to handling an astonishing 9.8 million shipments per day. An overview of FedExs Infrastructure: Handling 9.8 million shipments per day More than 700 aero planes, Daily lift capacity of 12 million kilograms Servicing more than 220 countries through 375 airports Workforce of more than 140,000 permanent employees worldwide 500,000 calls are dealt with professionally With this Infrastructure and new ones being added over time , the Purple Promise of I will make every FedEx experience outstanding is achieved with the collection and delivery of each shipment. Physical goods when transported over trucks on a highway usually travel the most frequented routes. But as more vehicles start traversing that highway, and as the trips become longer, packages get delayed, go astray, arrive spoiled, or dont arrive at all. To solve this problem, faster, more attentive carriers with their own hardware and infrastructure came into being: FedEx, UPS, Airborne Express, and so on. These new carriers pay attention to speed, tracking, billing, quality of service and automation. They also devised systems that didnt travel through the middle of town, except for final delivery, and didnt change hands en route. And finally, they offered lots of optional services to make life easier for both shipper and recipient. Home delivery infrastructure: As part of Infrastructure expansion plans of its U.S. delivery network, FedEx Corp. will add another 9 distribution hubs, bringing its total number of hubs to 39. In addition, a new home-delivery facility planned for Florida will be able to process more than 10,000 packages per hour. The three hubs that are under construction are in Dallas, Cincinnati and Hagerstown, MD, the fourth hub in Memphis, TN. The hub expansion project will also expand the 30 existing hubs; this will nearly double the companys average daily hub package volume capacity by the end of its 2010 fiscal year. The expansion project will support a sharp growth in FedExs shipments to consumers on behalf of online retailers. The new Florida satellite distribution center, in Pompano Beach near Fort Lauderdale, will be three times the size of the two existing facilities combined, and will open with a workforce of approximately 356 employees and independent contractors, an increase from the current combined figure of 200 employees and independent contractors. FedEx Smart Posts best-of-breed technology ensures swift package processing and delivery. This technology provides shipment visibility throughout the delivery process of the packages while they are en route to their destinations. This enables to know always where the packages are and where theyre going next. Advanced control systems, sophisticated automated sorters, and state-of-the-art data-collection devices enable FedEx to collect detailed information about every package. And the highly proficient logistics team is fully equipped to sort hundreds of thousands of packages each day. The client tools are housed on a secure Web site, customized to meet the unique needs of each client. These tools provide timely access to package delivery information, logistics analysis, manifest detail, and billing statements, as well as the ability to create necessary reports needed in planning the package delivery strategy. As a leader in the package delivery industry, FedEx provides with data and reporting needed to examine and enhance logistics operations on an ongoing basis. Virtual information infrastructure at FedEx Corporation. Though FedEx began as an express air delivery company in the early 1970s, it has successfully transformed itself into an integrated transportation and logistics service provider. A major part of FedExs success is directly attributed to its committed use of information technology (IT). IT has not only facilitated its business processes like operations, customer service and employee training but also integrated its information network with that of its clients to provide them with seamless logistic and supply chain solutions. Dennis Jones, former Chief Information Officer (CIO) of FedEx says IT (information technology) is a function that has a strategic value because the essence of our business is taking a basic service and adding information technology services to transform into a value added product. And that is very important. Any company can move freight from point A to point B. But the way you make it a valuable product to your customer is to wrap it with intensive information technology capabilities. Leveraging Information Technology In the late 1970s, FedEx saw a great benefit in using IT to simplify its business processes. Smith had very early on understood that speed, reliability and customer service was an essential factor for success in the global transportation industry. IT in Human Resources FedEx had in place Interactive Video Instructions (IVI) that allowed employees to take advantage of slack periods to train themselves at any time of the day. The program was used for training and test preparation (Customer service employees at FedEx were tested twice a year on job knowledge). IT in Customer Service FedEx also used IT to improve upon its customer service, by monitoring various aspects of a customers transaction. The goal was to achieve 100% accuracy, quality, and customer satisfaction on all transactions. One such system that FedEx used was the Service Quality index (SQI) that quantified every part of a transaction like Was the package undamaged? Was the customer billed correctly? Using the Internet The widespread use of the Internet from the early 1990s threw open significant opportunities for FedEx. Since the company already had an EDI based system on which it had spent a lot of money, FedEx decided to use a combination of Internet and the EDI. One example was the implementation done for the purchasing of products. FedEx purchased a product from a company called Ariba. Ariba was a requisitioning system that was housed on the FedEx intranet. The system was set up so that suppliers could maintain a database of catalogs that could be accessed by any FedEx employee. The company website hosts more than 6.3 million unique visitors per month and handles on an average over 2.4 million package tracking requests daily. More than 2 million customers connected with the company electronically every day, and electronic transactions accounted for almost two-thirds of the more than five million shipments FedEx delivered daily. FedEx operates one of the worlds largest computer and telecommunications networks- more than 75,000-networked computers and thousands of hand-held computers that recorded and tracked shipments. FedExs data center processes more than 20 million information management system transactions daily, more than any other US company. The company is involved in connecting 39 hubs across the globe, operating 677 planes and 90,000 vehicles, monitoring 200,000 employees and delivering six million packages daily in 220 countries where every second was important. This is the FEDEX EDGE, for which the company is known for. FedEx transformed both customer and business transportation model with higher speed, reliability, application of information technology, improved material handling system and streamlined logistics network. The company popularized the concepts of just-in-time and build-to-order which reduced customers lead time and increased productivity. Apart from venturing into logistics solution provider the company was able to maintain its leadership position in small package and light freight market through its unique hub and spoke model. The role information technology has played in FedExs strategy is exciting. By using IT as a major part of its business, FedEx has reached an almost entirely new group of people. It has maintained its reputation and increased its business at the same time. IT has created a greater opportunity for customers in the global market. They can now request service, pay for that service, and track the package online. Customers no longer need to speak to FedEx. They are now free to order as they need, twenty-four hours per day, seven days per week. Because of this, FedExs strategy has changed. It is now focused on the use of the Internet and other technological advances. Because this is such a critical aspect of the strategy, the implementation of the strategy had to be almost immediate. To compete with other major businesses in the industry, FedEx had to provide a service to customers that could be accessed using technology. They also had to provide a package tracking service. As they develope d this service, their reputation and business grew. FedEx has done several things with its value chain to develop new business. First they have always recognized the need to have technology and IT work to communicate the logistics that they run. They have developed internet technologies that work simply and efficiently to enable customers and sellers to use FedEx as a go between. This has enabled many companies to integrate FedEx technology into their own web sites for customers to use. Question Two: Branding and business structure up until 19 January 2000 Using information from the case study and your own research, critically evaluate the benefits and limitations of Merger and Acquisition (MA) strategies in the Global Transportation and Logistics Industry. Discuss how FedEx Corporation managed the acquisition of Caliber Systems in 1998, and determine whether or not the acquisition of Caliber Systems was a success or failure? Mergers acquisitions in the Transportation Logistics industry The Transport and Logistics (TL) sector is characterized by a significant level of privatisation, finance-raising and merger and acquisition activity. Transactions are often complex and impacted by the regulatory environment, competition issues, or need for contracted subsidies to support operations. We have witnessed many privatizations of bus companies, ports and airports which have created successful private sector groups that have continued to grow via further acquisitions. In other segments there is ongoing global consolidation within and between operators from the courier, parcel, freight forwarding and contract logistics arenas. Postal organizations and railway companies that have historically been more nationally oriented are now seeking opportunities to expand into cross-border markets driven by a more commercial focus and liberal regulatory regime. Transportation Logistics The Transportation Logistics (TL) industry forms the backbone of global supply chains. Postal operators as well as large logistics providers play a dominant role as key stakeholders in the TL industry. In recent years some former national Posts have undergone an extensive transformation to emerge as multinational providers of complex logistics and financial services. These evolved entities face new competition in their core markets of mail delivery through the liberalization of markets and privatization. At the same time, former Posts may be able to leverage their years of experience in collecting, processing, transporting and delivering national and international mail in order to develop and provide a broader palette of logistics based services, upstream with direct mail activities and downstream with package delivery and payment services. Further, many existing logistics and express companies have expanded well beyond simple delivery services and are now managing all aspects of the supply chain. These ongoing trends have changed the face of an industry which has become increasingly focused on serving customers in all parts of the world. Mergers and Acquisitions: Three types Merger: A transaction where two firms agree to integrate their operations on a relatively coequal basis because they have resources and capabilities that together may create a stronger competitive advantage. Acquisition: A transaction where one firm buys another firm with the intent of more effectively using a core competence by making the acquired firm a subsidiary within its portfolio of businesses. Takeover: An acquisition where the target firm did not solicit the bid of the acquiring firm. Problems in Achieving Success Integration Difficulties/Cultures Inadequate evaluation of target Too much diversification Large or extraordinary debt Inability to achieve synergy Managers overly focused on acquisitions Too large Increased market power Overcome ent entry barriers Lower risk compared to developing new products Cost of new product development Increased speed to market Increased diversification Avoid excessive competition Acquisitions Reasons for Acquisitions Benefits of Acquisitions Increased Market Power: Acquisition intended to reduce the competitive balance of the industry Overcome Barriers to Entry: Acquisitions overcome costly barriers to entry which may make start-ups economically unattractive Lower Cost and Risk of New Product Development: Buying established businesses reduces risk of start-up ventures Increased Speed to Market: Closely related to Barriers to Entry, allows market entry in a more timely fashion Diversification: Quick way to move into businesses when firm currently lacks experience and depth in industry Reshaping Competitive Scope: Firms may use acquisitions to restrict its dependence on a single or a few products or markets Problems with Acquisitions Only a financial team assembled and they make the decision (should have two teams: one financial and one organizational where the organizational Team says Yes or No Integration Difficulties: Differing financial and control systems can make integration of firms difficult Inadequate Evaluation of Target: Winners Curse bid causes acquirer to overpay for firm Large or Extraordinary Debt: Costly debt can create onerous burden on cash outflows Inability to Achieve Synergy: Justifying acquisitions can increase estimate of expected benefits Overly Diversified: Acquirer doesnt have expertise required to manage unrelated businesses Managers Overly Focused on Acquisitions: Managers may fail to objectively assess the value of outcomes achieved through the firms acquisition strategy Too Large: Large bureaucracy reduces innovation and flexibility FedEx Corporation has made 31 acquisitions while taking stakes in 3 companies. FedEx Corporation has 22 divestitures during this period. FedEx-Caliber Merger: Reason for Merger: FedEx and Caliber believe that the combination of the two companies will permit their customers to take advantage of a broader portfolio of services and choices at a level of excellence unmatched by any competitor. Stockholders of both companies will become stockholders of a $15 billion powerhouse in global transportation and logistics. When FedEx announced in October 1997 that it was buying Caliber System for $2.4 billion, observers warned that the merger could disrupt FedExs already profitable express shipping business. Observers were wrong. FedEx finalized its Caliber System merger in January 1998, and by the end of that year, the new company, FDX, was posting a seven percent increase over the same quarter the year before. Domestic income grew 30 percent that period, from $168 million to $217 million. The company claimed that its tough cost controls and low fuel prices contributed to this short-term growth. FedEx subsidiaries that came from Caliber Systems also grew. RPS, the largest subsidiary besides FedEx, grew 14 percent for the period, while Viking Freight grew seven percent. In the long-run, the merger strengthened FedExs overall health. UPS largely rebounded from a crippling 15-day strike in 1997, and now the two companies compete head-to-head for the express-shipping business in most markets. While FedEx does battle, several smaller companies continue their reliable service for niche markets, such as logistics operations, business-to-business transportation, overseas shipping, and small package delivery. FedEx has ensured its long-term survival by buying several of these smaller companies. After the Caliber System merger, FedEx included six operating divisions: FedEx; RPS, the second-largest small-package shipping business; Roberts Express, the worlds largest express trucking firm; Viking Freight, a leading regional trucking company; Caliber Logistics, a logistics outsourcing firm; and Caliber Technology, an order fulfillment operation. Question Three: Events leading up to the January 2000 reorganisation Using appropriate examples from FedEx Corporation, critically evaluate FedExs financial and non-financial performance in the context of developments in the Internet market and e-tailing up to the January 2000 reorganisation. Financial Performance Analysis FedEx has an impressive performance record. In 1998 they had revenues of $15.9 billion grown 15 percent from 1997. Sales have been growing steadily for the past five years. The net income, though, isnt that impressive. It even declined in 1997, from the rising fuel costs during that year. However, in 1998 it grew from $200,000 to $500,000. That could be from reduction in operating costs, or from the acquisition of the subsidiaries which had lower operating costs compared to Federal Express. FedExs financial statements shows that its assets have not been utilized as well as other firms in their industry, but their profitability is better than other industry firms. Still they must decrease selling and administrative expenses while increasing sales. Many of their technological advancements have been financed primarily with internal cash, which decreases long-term debt. Future assets possibly and should be invested in the international market and new businesses, while still investing a decent percentage for technological advancements. Today FedEx has a competitive advantage over other firms and if they continue the practices that they have in the past, while also opening up to new ideas, FedEx will remain a powerhouse in the package delivery industry. The financial ratios for FedEx clearly show that it is the market leader in this industry, have outstanding sales, a healthy profit, and a safe amount of debt. These ratios over time show a steady increase, except for year 1997, where fuel costs hurt FedEx deeply. Company Analysis In this section we shall discuss FedExs strengths and weaknesses as a company, opportunities and threats. S.W.O.T. Analysis Company Strengths and Resource Capabilities: Globalism: Federal Express operates on a global scale in 211 countries. They provide services that appeal to most of the world, realize tremendous revenues and also achieve global economies of scale. Innovation: Federal Express took airplanes and trucks and used them differently than any other company before them. This is innovation. They have first-mover advantage in name recognition because of this innovation. This has helped them to remain the industry leader since 1973. Technology and Communication: Federal Express uses and continues to search for new technology. They allow spending of $1billion a year, 10% of total revenues, for information technology. That commitment keeps customers from switching to other providers. Federal Express also has excellent communication with their customers. They use tracking devices on all shipments, and customers can find out where their shipment is through many different avenues including a user-friendly Web site. Federal Express customers are assured that FedEx will always be on top of technology. Strategic Vision: Federal Express will always have competent top managers in charge of strategic direction. Frederick Smith built an industry leader, and kept it in that position since 1973. First-Mover Advantage: Federal Express has had first-mover advantage in several areas. (1) Being a global express transportation company. (2) Advanced technology and communication throughout the companys operations. (3) Incorporating smaller companies with similar operations under its belt to synergize and control more of the market. Strong Brand Image: In 1990, Federal Express became the first company awarded the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award in the service category. In 1994, Federal Express became the first global express transportation company to obtain simultaneous system-wide ISO 9001 certification in international quality standards. Federal Express has also developed their own quality system that matches their customers standards. Company Weaknesses and Resource Deficiencies: Rising Prices: Federal Express prices are above their competitors. This can be a weakness if their customers do not perceive a difference between Federal Express and its competitors services. Labor Disputes with Pilots: Federal Express pilots have formed the Fedex Pilots Association. This organization demanded changes in the pilots salaries, retirement benefits, and the fact that Federal Express outsources some foreign flights instead of giving their own pilots the job. The pilots have a Web site where news is posted and feelings are discussed. During the busy Christmas season in 1998, the pilots threatened to strike. Federal Express and the Fedex Pilots Association have developed a tentative agreement, which is published on the pilots Web site. However, the pilots do not believe this agreement fully meets their expectations. This dispute is definitely an internal weakness for Federal Express, considering they have 3,500 pilots employed with them. Their operations would suffer if there were strikes. When UPS employees went on strike in 1997, Federal Express took the extra 800,000 shipments a day. If Federal Express employees went on strike, their competitors could gain an advantage. Running Subsidiaries Separately: FDX has deliberately chosen to keep their companies separate. In FDXs 1998 Annual Report, CEO Frederick Smith states, Simply layering the unique resource and operating requirements of a time-definite, global, express-delivery network onto a day-definite, ground small-package network would surely result in diminished service quality and increased costs. Under the FDX umbrella, we will leverage our shared strengths while operating each delivery network independently, with each focused on its respective markets. Frederick Smith is confident this will be a strength, instead of a weakness. Time will tell. Company Opportunities: Expansion Globally: Federal Express can continue to expand globally, including the other companies under FedEX. Expansion Internally: Federal Express can continue to acquire more companies, and expand into new technologies or areas in their industry. Run Subsidiaries Together: If FDX doe

Historical And Contemporary Examples Of Moral Panic Criminology Essay

Historical And Contemporary Examples Of Moral Panic Criminology Essay Mods, rockers, teddy boys, Muslims, the Irish, Hoodys, gangster rap, hip hop, raves, ecstasy, Victorian garrotters, muggers, video games, gang culture, the Miners, single mothers, children, benefit scroungers and an infinite more have been victims of moral panics. Fundamentally, the concept of moral panic is a tool that is utilised to maintain the social order. Moral panics are an inaccurate or exaggerated accounts of events that are applied to issues that stand outside of the dominant norms and values of society, in an attempt to shape public opinion about an issue, or a type of individual, or a certain group of people which in turn constructs negative identities and behaviours as being located outside of the moral boundaries. This often results in behaviours being criminalised. It also leads to laws and justice being redefined in the light of a moral panic. The most obvious one in terms of redefining the law is the trial-by-media case of the James Bulger murder by two-ten-year-old boys who through moral panic, shaped opinion which justified and legitimised the age to be tried as an adult be reduced to ten. Drawing first on Stanley Cohens deviancy amplification spiral model I will contextualise moral panic in various contexts to provide evidence that moral panics are nothing new and are still a powerful method for maintaining the social order by stigmatising identities and defining the moral boundaries. On Whitsun bank holiday in the 1960s in Clacton, a journalist observed a minor scuffle between the Mods in their Mo-hair suits and the leather-clad Rockers. However, this minor dispute was a very different event according to the reports the following day that the severity hit filled the headlines of national papers; The Daily Express; Beat Up Town 97 Leather Jacket Arrests, The Daily Mirror; Wild Ones Invade Seaside 97 Arrests, in Belgium; West Side Story on the English Coast as the story took the mass media by storm on a global scale (Cohen, 2002:18). Such deviancy was amplified as what was fast becoming a youth subculture spiralled out of control thus leading to this initial myth becoming a reality providing justification for the negative label attached as these skirmishes turned to riots on the beaches thereby becoming a self-fulfilling prophecy in the media and subsequently saw the subcultural gangs increasing rivalry. Similarly, the 1970s produced moral panics surrounding race and ethnicity as the negative stigma attached to Irishmen began to be linked with terrorism and subsequently treated disproportionately in the media. This occurs today towards Muslims who are the focus of intrigue, suspicion and fear following 9/11 attacks in the U.S.A. This is discursively rooted in the fear of the Other from the early 1970s which defined and constructed a new crime mugging and the falsified criminal identity of mugger which were young black men (Hall, Critcher, Jefferson and Clarke, 1978:74). The headline A Judge Cracks Down on Muggers In City of Fear led Hall et al. to argue that the only actors privy to information are the police, the media and the ventriloquist of a Judge upholding the moral framework thus the primary definers are the first-hand and only eye-witness to the said crime (The Daily Mirror, 26 September, 1972 in Hall et al. 1978:75). In sentencing the three (innocent) black youths to three y ears the judge said it was in the public interest as a deterrent measure. The Daily Mirrors editorial supported this claiming that Judge Hines is right if mugging is not to get out of hand as it has in America, punishment must be sharp and certain. This moral panic justified new policies giving police the right to stop and search young black men without due reason. In protest, this spiralled into riots which justified the moral panic as a reality and legitimised the subsequent disproportionate black male over-representation in prison. Thompson claimed the underlying reason for this false construction was to distract public attention away from Britains serious economic downturn which was said to be on the edge of bankruptcy (Thompson, 1997:46).Thus moral panics became attributed to a condition, episode, person or group of persons emerges to become defined as a threat to societal values and interests (Cohen, 1972:9, cited by Hall et al, 1978:16). The underpinning of moral panic as the articulation of the political, the judicial and the media was toward social control of anything that fell out of alignment with the dominant norms. Britains exceptionally high rate of moral panic is therefore a political and moral programme created to re-regulate social change specific to social pluralism and fragmentation of identity. Furthermore, moral panics are created when a serious national, political or economic issue needs to be masked as in the stereotyping of black youths and more recently Muslims. Trial by media notably increased in the 1980s and 1990s highlighting the enormity of political implications in terms of the Othering of diverse identities, aided by global media moguls like Rupert Murdoch. However, the tensions between enterprise and heritage undermined the extent to which audiences interpret representations of news or entertainment. While many would be happy to disagree, Thompson argues from the right-wing stance the positi ves of The Sun newspaper, which represents white working class Britain, overtly supported the ideologies of the New Right thus manipulating its readers to re-elect the Conservative party until 1997 (Thompson, 1997:47). Parents who act god like with their childrens life underpins parents moral panic of the measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) when torn between the damage caused by measles, and the autism said to be inherent in the MMR vaccine. Similarly, moral panic surrounds the human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccination to prevent a type of cervical cancer in women. Anxiety was exacerbated following the death of a fourteen-year-old who health experts say had a major underlying complication. Yet the alternative is allowing a daughter to contract cancer. Whatever stands outside of the dominant norms that define natural, normal and moral is vulnerable to moral panic (Thompson, 1998:72). Homosexuality is no exception and the moral panic surrounding HIV and Aids threw aside all taboos when mediating exaggerated tales that blamed a highly promiscuous gay culture. Prostitutes and drug addicts sharing needles posed an equal threat as by 1995, 75 per cent were infected via heterosexual transmission (World Health Organisation; in Benson, 1997:152). Benson argues that although stigma of HIV and AIDs is prevalent everywhere, in western societies it attaches to a particular stigmatised identity such as an addict, a prostitute or a gay man which is subsequently classified as symbolic by association and not accidental as in other locations such as Africa. Ultimately, it elevated anxieties as the risk of partners being secretly bisexual, unfaithful or gay. These anxieties were imbedded in media portrayals of the disease thereby creating an epidemi c of signification (Treichler, 1987, in Benson, 1997:153). This anxiety was well-founded as by the end of 2008, women represented 50% of the 33.1 million infected adults worldwide (http://www.avert.org/worldstats.htm). Again, moral panic surrounding sexual deviance is not a new phenomenon as syphilis was rife in the Victorian era alongside the Victorian gin drinkers which can be likened to the binge drinkers of today. Drugs also form contemporary moral panics, this time Ecstasy which emanated from the death of Leah Betts, daughter of a police officer. As Daly (1997) reports the campaign that emerged took form in giant posters with a smiling Leah and the words Sorted as well as a picture of Leah on her deathbed. This circulated to all the national press to convey the harms of ecstasy, despite coroners reports claiming ecstasy was not a cause to her death. Soon after, musician Brian Harvey became the scapegoat when claiming he enjoyed Ecstasy which promptly saw to the demise of the musical band East 17. This was despite research by BBCs Horizon team proving that alcohol, tobacco and even aspirin are more dangerous than ecstasy and that if these were rated within the ABC classification, alcohol would become a Class A drug (Horizon, 2008, Ecstasy or Alcohol www.bbc.co.uk). Alcohol underpins moral panics surrounding the Street Rats, as defined by one teenagers description of the Bluewater shopping centres stereotypical drinking, smoking, swearing Hoody (Barkham, The Guardian, 14th May 2005). Britains youth are constantly demonised and alienated by ongoing moral panics that have justified the installation of pigeon alarms in shopping centres which send out a low frequency noise that only the under-25s can hear thus driving youths out of the area, in which they once congregated (Barnett, 2006, in Mooney and Talbot, 2010:49). The demise of youth clubs, recreation centres and prohibition from parks renders young people with nowhere to go. There is no coincidence therefore that moral panic coupled with increasing policing and surveillance has justified the current incarceration of 60,000 children throughout Britain (Goldson and Coles, 2005:1). Alongside stern penalties for the parents of truanting children and antisocial behaviour orders (ASBOs) are the demonization of parents of teenage mothers. The Williams sisters all got pregnant during school, with the first being just twelve (The Evening Standard, 23rd May, 2005). The other two daughters were fourteen and sixteen respectively followed suit and all shared the three bedroom house with their divorced mother who blamed school-based sex education. The moral panic focused on their collective annual receipt of thirty thousand pounds in benefits and absence of financial support from the fathers. Currently in todays society the mediating of moral panics have taken on new forms like TV chat shows such as Jeremy Kyle and Trisha. Ultimately, moral panics are deployed in an attempt to divert attention from the inequalities both structural and material that are inherent within neo-liberal societies such as the UK (Drake, Muncie Westmarland, 2010:27). Thus they target on the less privileged in society and seem to ignore the seemingly untouchable elite members of parliament who are proven to have transcended moral boundaries when stealing tax payers hard-earned money when fiddling their expenses as revealed through much publicised unravelling throughout 2009. In conclusion, the evidence above reveals that moral panics are not a new phenomena as they have been a tool utilised to negatively construct stigmatised identities in conjunction with media and political rhetoric that shapes public opinion, that justifies the subsequent policies that discursively marginalise such social groups to prevent the normalisation of such deviance that would drain society. Many think it is a strange world that prefers children and young people to be cold and no longer wrap up warm to avoid being demonised or arrested for loitering in charge of a Hoody an item of clothing. It is dangerous when making parents gamble on their childrens lives. Nevertheless, when analysing society in relation to moral panic, it just goes to show that the deregulated press are able to write anything about minority groups in society that demonises, targets, punishes and criminalises discursively according to class, race, gender, age, religion and sexuality. Overall it would appear that moral panic is not a new concept; it has been around for centuries with people accepting it as societys aberrant ways. Today we have given it a name, but it does not alter the fact that it is nothing new. Bibliography-Moral Panic is nothing new. Discuss this statement using historical and contemporary examples of moral panic. Word Count 1,843 Barnett, L, 2006 We Are Not Pigeons in the Borehamwood Elstree Times, 9th March, 2006 Benson, S, 1997, The Body, Health and Eating Disorders in Woodward, K. 1997 Identity and Difference, London, Routledge. Cohen, S, 2002, Folk Devils and Moral Panics, 2nd Edition 2002, London, Routledge. Drake, D., Muncie, J. Westmarland, L, 2009, Criminal Justice: Local and Global, Devon, Willan Publishing Goldson, B. Coles, D, 2005, In the Care of the State, London, Inquest. Hall, S., Critcher, C., Jefferson, T., Clarke, J. Roberts, B, 1978, Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State and Law and Order, London and Basingstoke, Macmillan http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-18811322-teenage-mothers-on-30000-of-benefits.do http://www.avert.org/worldstats.htm http://www.independent.co.uk/news/ecstasy-and-leah-betts-the-bouncers-tale-1266192.html http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2005/may/14/ukcrime.immigrationpolicy Mooney, G. Talbot, D, 2010 Global Cities, Segregation and Transgression, in Muncie, J., Talbot, D. Walters, R Crime: Local and Global, Devon, Willan Publishing Thompson, K, 1998, Moral Panics, London, Routledge. Treichler, P, 1987, AIDS, Homophobia and Biomedical Discourse: An Epidemic of Signification, Cultural Studies Vol.1, No.43, pp.31-70

The Lies My Teacher Told Me and People’s History of the United States E

There is a logical saying in society one should take to heart; that line being, â€Å"Don’t believe everything you read.† Just because a text is written and published does not means it is always accurate. Historical facts, similar to words whispered in the child’s game, â€Å"telephone,† are easily transformed into different facts, either adding or subtracting certain details from the story. James Loewen, in The Lies My Teacher Told Me, reveals how much history has been changed by textbook writes so that students studying the textbooks can understand and connect to the information. In Howard Zinn’s, People’s History of the United States, the author recounts historical tales through the point of view of the common people. Mainstream media, as proven by Loewen and Zinn, often pollutes and dilutes history to make the information sound better and more easily understood for the society. First of all, the accounts of Zinn and Loewen are quite different that what textbooks and mainstream media tell children. As mentioned previously, Zinn’s People’s History of the United States conveys the narrative of the travels of Columbus and the beginnings of slavery and racism through the eyes of the common or native people. This point of view enlightens the reader, who most likely believes that Columbus was a good and benevolent American hero, to that fact that Columbus â€Å"sailed the ocean blue† out of greedy and self-glorification. In reality, Columbus caused pain, suffering, and death because of his greedy; he captured natives for their ability to perform hard labor and information on where to find riches, primarily gold (Zinn, Ch. 1). The heroic adventures, as portrayed in society, melt down to be the acts of a greedy man who sought glory for himself b... ... and food we had an equal share† (Ch. 4, A3). White servants, although for the most part did receive all the aspects of the portion of the contract referring to time in service, they received the bare minimum of the necessities. Clearly then, one can see the necessity to read/see more then one perspective on historical events is crucial. One cannot rely on one description alone because the information may or may not be the complete truth. The author may leave out, embellish, or be uninformed of certain details, which leaves the reader at a disadvantage is he/ reads only one passage. Works Cited Loewen, James W. Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong. Second. New York, New York: Touchstone, 1997. Print. Zinn, Howard. A People's History of the United State. Fifth. New York, New York: Harper Collins, 2010. Print.

Human Cloning Debate and Life Issues :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Human Cloning Debate and Life Issues The use of cloning to produce "Dolly" the sheep has prompted a public debate about cloning humans. This issue has quickly become linked with the issues of abortion and embryo research. What is cloning? Cloning is a way of producing a genetic twin of an organism, without sexual reproduction. The method used to produce Dolly the sheep is called "somatic cell nuclear transfer": the nucleus of a body cell ("somatic cell") is transferred into an unfertilized egg whose nucleus has been removed or rendered inactive. A tiny electric pulse may then stimulate development of the resulting embryo, which is an almost exact genetic twin of the creature that supplied the nucleus. It may be technically possible to use this procedure to reproduce human beings. What does cloning have to do with embryo research? A great deal. Cloning a human being or other large organism begins by artificially producing an embryo of that species. To produce one live sheep, "Dolly," scientists created 277 sheep embryos; 276 died or were discarded. Experiments in human cloning would involve the creation and destruction of human embryos on a massive scale. Didn't the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC) propose a ban on cloning? Not really. It proposed a five-year moratorium on use of cloning to produce a "child," meaning a live-born child. This would allow unlimited cloning to produce human embryos, so long as the embryos were then destroyed. Such experiments could be used to refine the procedure and test its likelihood of causing birth defects. After years of destructive experiments, the ban on allowing live birth could be reconsidered. So NBAC's proposal is not a ban on cloning but a permission slip for experimenting on embryos and a mandate for destroying them. This approach is reflected in S. 1602, a bill introduced by Senators Kennedy and Feinstein to prohibit transferring a cloned human embryo to "a woman's uterus." Under S. 1602, researchers could clone embryos and experiment on them without limit; they would violate the law only if they failed to throw away the embryos afterwards. What does human cloning have to do with abortion? Quite a bit, because bills like S. 1602 would enforce a ban on "cloning a human being" by mandating the destruction of all cloned human embryos. This would mark the first time Congress has ever declared that human embryos are not humans and are worthy only of destruction.

Speech about Drugs

It does not matter who I am or what my name is, what really did matters is my experience about this topic and of course the message that m going to pass you at the end of this speech. Marijuana, L SD, Cocaine, Heroin†¦ All these fancy words, what are they all? They are drugs, all different types Of drugs. All Of which have a different affect on our body, some more than others but they all do the same. Lets be honest. Drugs is not as cool as you think they are, they must be taken seriously especially in your age fellow students when it is more likely to want to try new things.Close your eyes. Imagine your life as a drug addict. What you have just thought, I am so convince that it can not be compared to what drugs can do to any of us. Well, test take a deeper look. First of all, let me explain the true definition of the word drug. Drug addiction is a dependence on a legal or illegal drug on medication. When you are addicted is when your body requires the drug in higher doses to ha ve the same effect and to avoid withdrawal symptoms. You have an intense crave for the drug. Most people can not quit and they need help since they can not do it on their own.Also, drugs can cause serious, long term consequences, including problems with physical and mental health, relationships and employment. Based on the observation, the students consume the drugs cause of stress. It is to calm down the instant thought. The students do not realize that the drugs consumption has the negative impact for them, like the intelligence decreases, mental disorder, death and many kinds of disease. Take a moment and think of the signs that someone can have when he is addicted. At first, it is not so obvious to recognize the addict from the healthy human.Usually, If the addict go too long without drugs, he experience symptoms such as nausea, restlessness, insomnia, depression, sweating, shaking, and anxiety. If you take a deeper look in someone addicts eyes they re usually bloodshot, larger or smaller than usual. He does not eat, sleep and he sudden lose or gain weight. His physical appearance is starting to deteriorating and he has an unusual smells on breath, body or clothing. Not only he lose his words, but also when he is talking his voice tremors.As for his behavior can easily change and the person you knew, it turns out to be someone else that the only thing he cares about is to take his drug dose. He drops in attendance and performance at work or school. He has an unexplained need for money, and he also may borrow or steal money if you effuse to give him. Sudden change in friends, and he frequently getting into trouble, fights or even illegal activities. What about the effects that drugs can do to their victims? Well there are so many, that I have no idea where to start.Firstly, drugs can weaken the immune system and also rate to heart attacks. We all know that drugs such as heroin can be injected. Well, injected drugs can also lead to collapsed veins, infection s of the blood and different kind of diseases such as Aids. Another effect on drugs is that it can cause seizures, stroke and widespread brain mage that leads to problems with memory, attention and decision-making. Do you know that drugs can produce global body changes? For instance they may development breast in men and it can increase body temperature.Drugs speed up the nervous system and give a feeling of happiness and well-being. They prevent you from relaxing and sleeping, you become uncontrolled and jumpy. The drugs can take you, to not only on good ‘trip' that extraordinary things will happen, they can also take you on a bad trip that it turns out to be a nightmare that you can not wake up from. Your life revolves around drug SE. You spend a lot Of time using and thinking about drugs, figuring out how to get them, and recovering from the drugs effects.You become depressed and you lose all interest in life. You also become paranoid, you confused reality from what you are seeing when you are stoned. Another effect is that the drug addicts have the feeling that someone is after them like the police, or someone who wants to hurt them. What about the people around the addicts? Can you imagine what the surrounding environment can think of them when they find out that you became drug addict? First of all, since you can not concentrate to your job responsibilities, one day to another you become unemployment.Say goodbye to your friendships or relationships that you once had. They can also be negatively affected since the people around you can not trust you. Lastly, the most fatal feeling that you can cause to your family is the feeling of disappointment. The family of the addicts usually blame themselves for the addicts mistakes for doing drugs. F-articulately they are some ways that in nowadays a drug addict can help himself. First of all, you have to stand out and refuse to take drugs. Also, you should find out more healthy solutions to your problems tha t you may facing.Last but not least, as a friend of the victim motivate him to seek for help for his addiction. For example, going to rehab or even going to some organizations such as the Narcotics Anonymous (AN) can help you in many ways to stop using drugs. So, you want know who I am or who I was? Well, I was a drug victim that ended up destroying everything in my life. I was the one that changed dramatically and became one of the things that I warned you about. I shut people up, especially my own family. Captioned everyone and when I wanted help it was too late.

Learning Motivation

eruditeness is a exhibit that per musical compositionently changes conduct with the result of experience. (Cherry, 2009) Alternatively, it green goddess excessively be defined as knowledge or adroitness hitd by instruction or playing ara. knowledge, from an single(a)s personal experience, stillt be summarized as a conductlong insatiable military operation that drives the inner self to absorb anything and everything that whizz hears, fits or reads for personal flexth to hazard a breach person and tri more(prenominal)overary living. thither atomic number 18 quin contrasting looks of which skill feces be studied.Learning as a quantitative step-up in knowledge- it is a form of getting breeding. Learning as memorising storing of information that could be used for reproduction later on. Learning as acquiring facts, skills, and rules that privy be retained and used as necessary. Learning as making sense or abstracting meaning it involves relating parts of the capable proceeds to separately separate and to the real mankind. Fin onlyy, interpreting as interpreting and understanding truthfulness in a different way which involves compreh stopping master looking the world by reinterpreting knowledge. quoted in Ramsden 1992 26) (Smith, 2012). A question was raised, What makes a charitableity acquire knowledge? What makes a merciful privation to learn? The answers varied from it creation a necessity, for competition purposes, or plain, the act of curiosity. It whitethorn also be of positivistic motive from the resounding surround, but what caught my attention was of it being an instinct upon birth. If training changes demeanor permanently, what so is want? Motivation is defined as a touch that initiates, guides and maintains goal-oriented behaviour.In our every mean solar day life, subscribe is used to define our actions (Cherry, 2012). As an archetype, pauperism drives an psyche to resume a interest in high-pi tcheder ontogeny after a certain succession of duration away from the flying field. Motivation may be delineated precise solelyy into three major components. Primarily, activation initiated the behaviour in an various(prenominal) to re-enrol in university. Consequently, persistence, a continuous bowel ordure that an soul disgorges in order to keep down obstacles much(prenominal) as to get along tasks designate in the beginning respective deadlines.The final image would be intensity, which is viewed as the c at a timentration that is put in to give the goal. Motivation lot also be branched issue to Extrinsic or Intrinsic (Cherry, 2012). selective service from personal experiences, when an someone is asked to set pass duties at work, the verbalize person is shake to complete the verbalize task collect to the reasoning that he or she would step-up double monetary compensation for that day of att shutdownance. This would be an apt understandation of ex traneous motivation due to the external component of monetary compensation or rewards at the end of the day.However, if the say several(prenominal) is asked to complete an assignment, it is not rigorously for the sake of completing the said task, but due to the temperament of curiosity at bottom encouraging the need to obtain more in insight knowledge for personal gratification. With the understanding of the explanation of learn and the two branches of motivation, we select the motives of five different perspectives of which psychology extends a say in breeding motivation psychodynamic, behaviourism, servicemanityitarianism, cognitive and bio rationally.Psychodynamic, the first and foremost need in the field of psychology, is the ingest of the unwitting(p) mental forces (Cliff, 2011). Based on the pilot burner theoretical standings of Freud, a psychoanalyst whose theories ar clinically derived, a technique called dispense with association to re settle hypnosis was developed. He enjoin his patients to relax and report anything and everything that came to their attend, regardless of how extraneous it h aging uped.He collected data based on what was reported to him during therapy and formulated a conjecture that a valet behaviour and feelings argon mostly negative flashbacks from babyhood memories (McLeod, 2007). Freud construed that the estimation is the standardized an iceberg the crown of it is the conscious mind, followed by the slightly lower and confidential section from the conscious mind, known as the preconscious mind that stores information which roll in the hay be voluntarily brought to awareness. The unconscious mind, that makes the base of the iceberg, is hidden deep down in a humans mind and contains suppress feelings, thoughts, and memories (McLeod, 2007).This being said, a flashback down retentiveness lane of an undivided who was exposed to a variety of starters culture modules comprising of kaleidoscopic color and a variety of shapes helped triggered the babys curious mind to explore the view world of art. Along with demonstrable encouragement from the infants milieu, a confide to achieve succession and to prompt the mind to move forward in this field exposed the infant to a surmise of self achievement. 20 years later, the said psyche has established an artistry go out of a small spot of film from the infant old age.With such convinced(p) motivation from the growth environment, the said individual carries a lifelong of happy memories deep down to be reminisced upon in adulthood. This eventually creates arbitrary intrinsic growth experience that leads to positive motivation in achieving succession for the proximo. Alternatively, an infant would be negatively equaled should the reach history tell us that the individual grew up in a good-for- cipher environment of physical abuse. Take for example a tiddler from the war enamored country of Afghanistan.The minor goe s through a series of bloodshed throughout the growing process and would carry along such painful memories into adulthood. There are adults who are able to handle such experiences, to be able to positively grow into a better person and to want to achieve conducive living environment for the future generation, such are intrinsic purpose and motivation that grew within the individual. Behaviour, on the other hand, is a result of input-response association whereby all behaviour, regardless of the measures of complexity, erect be conclude to a simple stimulus-response chain. McLeod S. A. , 2007) Watson, an Ameri butt joint psychologist believed that psychology is the science of evident behaviour. (Cherry, Behavioral psycho system of logical science Basics Understanding Behavioral psychology in 10 Easy Steps, 2009) The environment is regarded as the stimuli and the effect that requires moorage on a living creatures behaviour is the response. Hence as Watson quoted, To predict, g iven up the stimulus, what reaction will take plate or given the reaction, state what the built in bed or stimulus is that has caused the reaction (McLeod S. A. , 2007)Classical instruct is a study done by Russian psychologist, Ivan Pavlov on classic taste that associated his dog to salivate at the sound of a bell repetitively upon a provided meal. Over repeated trial, the dog larn to associate the band of the bell with the nutrition and continuously response to a ringing bell even with the absence of nutrition. From Pavlovs experiment, we can conclude that the stimulus, the bell and food gives off a salivation response from the dog. operative Conditioning, on the other hand was investigated by B.F. Skinner. In his experiment with a pigeon, the pigeon would be rewarded with food when it turns to its left. The more the pigeon turns, the more it was rewarded. When a behaviour is repeated by the subject, a reward is presented. Skinner positively cerebrate that repetition lead s to reinforcement and reinforcement wherefore leads to change in behaviour. With the unspoiled tools, we can predict and control behaviour of the world. (Slomp, 2006) behaviourism can also be observed in our everyday life.Take for example, an observation do on a operative individuals modus vivendi on weekdays, whereby the said individual performs a routine fit out of rising to work, enjoying lunch break, leaving the office, functional out at a gym, attack home to continue with the secondary lifestyle of pumping in a few hours of education and retiring for the day. These activities are performed at specific timings scheduled by the individual. There is nothing spontaneous about this, as a matter of fact, it is redundantly blunt.Such a routine can be classified as unblemished conditioning whereby the said individuals mind has already been aligned to perform in such a way, that it close sounds robotic. With eight hours of working five days a week, channelizes are to be ac hieved by and individual which are calculated on a casual and monthly terra firma (sentence is incomplete). With each target achieved, an individual is thusly rewarded with monetary compensation at the end of the day. This motivates the individual to achieve beyond the target provided, and with each success, it changes from a necessity to a believe to climb the success tally at work.Such strip is classified as operant conditioning. The working environment is also a factor that affects the individuals success. With a positive and encouraging working squad mates, a said individual creates such positivism and encouraging military capability within to achieve not upright personal growth but to grow together with the company. Should the individual face a stressful environment with unsupportive team mates and negativism from the higher management, the said individual would not achieve the day-after-day or monthly target and would end up being a failure not just personally but al so in the company.In the 1950s, Humanism rule the field of psychology upon rejecting the ideas of psychodynamic and behaviourism as it was deemed too pessimistic (McLeod, Humanism, 2007). Humanism takes into tell apart both the observer and the behaving persons point of view in their study. The focus is based on each individuals capacity for growth and self-actualization (Cherry, 2012). humanist approach exercises free will for each individuals choice made, human values, and the creativity in living life.The implicit in(p) belief is that each and every individual is innately good. Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers regarded that personal growth and consummation in life a underlying human need (McLeod, Humanism, 2007). Every individual seeks to grow psychologically to continue self enhancement, in other words, everyone seeks self- actualization. This is regarded as a mans desire to clear self- fulfilment within his potential being, in other words, to become everything one is ex posed of becoming.Maslow introduced a pyramid to his concept of self-actualization with five levels of needs, firstly, physiological needs such as vitals basic needs like water, air, food and sleep, secondly, security needs think to a desire to achieve even employment, health insurance, safe neighbourhood and a shelter, thirdly companionable needs, the need for belonging, love and affection, the quadth is esteem needs, to boost self- esteem, social re intuition and accomplishments and finally, self-actualizing needs which is at the peak of the pyramid whereby these people are self-aware, relate of personal growth and interested in fulfilling their potentials to an optimum level (Cherry, Hierarchy of Needs, 2012). distributively level must be achieved before moving on to the next level of the hierarchy. That being said, the application of humanism is observable in the process of growth within human beings.Looking back during the cavemen era, humans were exposed to a lifestyle based on purely survival, hence every individual erudite survival skills, how to hunt for food, to gain water, and to restrain a roof above their heads which were caves basically. Slowly, man kind began evolving. From the basic needs of survival, humans began acquiring luxurious items, such as clothes and money. Consequently, education slowly seeped into the realise of mankind evolution. We do not ache to go far to study such evolution because from birth, we were taught to eat and it was injected into our infant minds that education is the most important factor in life. With the constant drilling of such facts from groundwork days, such attitude is formed that we are to educate ourselves to be a better person, to adopt good jobs and salaries, to have a better life than our parents had.The intrinsic desire of achieving all these is planted within us and with each level of completion, graduation with a Masters, we move on to seeking jobs and on to a nice roof to surround ourselv es and a mating partner. This is all simply a life process that humanism studies. Once the hierarchy is completed, mankind maintains the grand life achieved. Just like a game of snake and ladder, humans learn to achieve self actualization with the right mindset, and to learn from mistakes too by skid down when we land on a snake spot, that is, a failure. From failures, we are do to grow, we learn from mistakes made and improve them. At the end of the day, it is the completion of the hierarchy created within and the wisdom achieved that makes life worth living. cognitive psychology is the modern scientific study of the mind. Cognition means knowing.It is the study of mental act or process by which knowledge is acquired or in other words it is how a human processes information (stimuli) and reacts upon it (response) (McLeod, 2007) cognitive psychologist emphasizes on how our thought process solves our behaviour. Piaget studied baby cognitive maturement by applying natural observ ation on his growing clawren and clinical interviews and observations of adolescence. Piaget believed that children think otherwise than adults and stated that they go through four universal dots of cognitive maturation. Development is biologically based and changes as a child matures and cognition therefore develops in all children in the same sequence of phase angles. There are four stratums of cognitive development that were summarized by Piaget. McLeod, Jean Piaget, 2009) Firstly, sensorimotor which takes place at the age of 0-2 years old is described as an infant builds up direct knowledge of the skirt world with reflex action and perceptual movement and to relate the pysical result to the perceived results. Secondly, the preoperational stage takes place between the age of 2-7 years. It explains that a child is mentally able to represent events and objects and engage in symbolic play. Their thoughts and actions are purely egocentric which Piaget believes where a child is able to view a event from another persons point of view. Consequently, from the age of 7-11 years, concrete operational stage takes over egocentricism. At this stage, a child begins to develop a cognitive logical or operational thought but is only able to apply the logic to physical objects.The final stage of development would be formal operational which takes place from age 11 onwards. At primaeval adolescents stage, habit of ideas without the dependence of concrete manipulation takes place. A child is able to unite and classify items in a critical, uninflected and creative way of action solving. Cognitive psychology also views people as being similar to a estimator that is used to process information. A human brain and a computer processes information, stores the data and has input and output procedures. This shows that a humans memory comprises of three stages convert (receiving of information), storage (information is saved) and retrieval (information is recalled) (McLeo d, Psychology Perspective, 2007)The porta to learn leads to cognitive response like when an individual who takes an interest in learning a new language woud be intrinsically actuate to master the language. The individual would be motivated to pick up the new language skills due to the high level of interest towards the subject matter. This allows information to be collected, stored for future usage and would be retrieved once again when needed. When there is a high level of interest in learning something new, or simply a curiousity that grows within an individual to know more of a certain subject matter, this allows cognitive process to take place intimately compared to an individual who is forced to take up a new language skill with low level of interest. The environmental surrounding is also a factor that relates to cognition process.When an individual with high interest of learning a new language is encircled by people who are as motivated as him and have positive attitude, it motivates the individual to lean further into the subject matter. Psychologist from the biological perspective studies the interrelation of behaviour and experience with the chemic processes that takes places in the head-in-the-clouds system of the body. The electrochemical activities between the neurons in the nervous system and the brain cause humans to react such as to think, to feel, to eat, and basically any other behaviour that makes up an individuals daily life. (Sammons, 2009) The study of biological psychology can be categorized as, firstly, comparative method whereby different species of animal can be studied and compared. This helps in the understanding of human behaviour.Secondly, physiology which is the study of the functionalism and relation between indeed nervous system, hormones and brain function and how a sudden change in a stimulus such as the environment can change an individuals behaviour. Lastly, inheritance, which is the study of genetic science, ways in w hich genes affect an individuals behaviour. (Mcleod, 2007) In regards to this, we can study how the stimulus affects the chemical processes that take place in a humans mind to understand the teory of learning motivation in a human. The exposure to stimulus of learning would trigger a response, for example in a case of nicotine dependence in a family trait.A great(predicate) bewilder who has a serious addiction of nicotine is likely to transfer such chemical process and gene to her newborn child as the bloodstream within the mother and the newborn is infiltrated with nicotine. They are often adviced to hold the intake of nicotine during pregnancy to avoid genetics defects in their newborn. However, we can often see that parents who smoke in front of their child during the early stages of the newborns life, are likely to collision the newborn at an early stage of nicotine addiction too. It is also due to the stimulus surrounding of the infant that would trigger such response from the growing child. Behavioral traits from parents are passed down to their children too and hence would have a generation of nicotine addicts in that family.We can see that this is an intrically motivated biological appearance of learning how to pick up a cigarette stick directly from the parents themselves to influence the future generation to be habituate to nicotine too. In conclusion to the study of learning motivation in aspects of five perspectives of psychology, we can see that each perspective is be with the study of behavior and environment as factors that separate an intrinsically or extrinsically motivated outcome. A wise man once said, Your life is simply within your minds control. Trick your mind into opinion positive and you shall have a booming life, or treat it to negative seeds and you shall supererogatory the fruits of negativity in your daily life response.