Case study sap establishing a research center over china Essay

Recommendations Content Competitors SAP overview Benchmarks Products and Services China’s software industry Porter‘s â€Å"diamond modelâ€Å" explains how firms can gain competitive advantage on international markets and thus become exporters of their goods and services Demand Conditions Government policies 1972 1978 SAP Founded from IBM employees in Germany SAP turns 10 providing service to 250 companies in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland 1982 Opens international subsidiaries in Denmark, Sweden, Italy, and the US Customer milestone: Dow Chemicals becomes SAP’s 1,000th customer SAP International Expansion into Switzerland 1984 1988 1989 SAP (International) AG in Switzerland controls 12 international subsidiaries in Canada, Singapore, Australia, and other countries. 33% of its revenue is spent for R&D SAP is named â€Å"Company of the Year† Marketing in the Chinese market with presentations in Beijing, Shanghai, and Tianjin. The IBM corporation, a longstanding SAP partner, is now using SAP R/3 to manage its global business processes. New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) in Q3 World’s leading provider of e-business software solutions Third-largest independent software vendor on the planet Company supports its customers with special programs designed to help them emerge from the 2009 economic crisis. Cutbacks, SAP is able to improve its operating margin despite the difficult circumstances. Double-digit growth shows that more and more customers are turning to SAP’s software innovations. FUTURE INVESTMENTS SAP announces its plans for growth in emerging market economies such as Brazil, India, Russia, and especially China= EUR 2 Billion World leader in enterprise applications in terms of software and software-related service revenue World’s third largest independent software manufacturer A 40-year history of innovation and growth. More than 183,000 customers in 130+ countries. More than 55,765 employees in 130+ countries. Annual revenue (IFRS) of â‚ ¬ 14,23 billion = $18,66 billion US dollars (2011) 1994 1998 2000 2003 Early History 1979 Goes public SAP AG Fast Track SAP in Shanghai ninth opening of a development location 2005 2007 2010 2011 The SAP HANA platform, enabling them to analyze data in seconds SAP announces its EUR 2.5 billion acquisition of SuccessFactors, the leading provider of cloud applications. SAP’s Financial The SAP R/3 system is released for Windows Workforce = 24,000 employees in over 50 countries Revenues â‚ ¬6.3 billion 23% increase SAP decision to construct SAP Labs Shanghai Pudong Software Park. 2006 Along with SAP Germany, SAP Austria, SAP Chile, SAP Andina y del Caribe, SAP Mexico, and SAP Region Sur win SAP Labs India receives the distinction â€Å"Recruiting and Staffing Best in Class† Software revenue of EUR 1.5 billion best quarter in SAP’s history. SAP branches out to clients in Austria and France Wave of the Future Opens subsidiaries China South Africa, Malaysia, Japan, the Czech Republic, Russia, and Mexico 1992 1996 Strategy, Structure, and Rivalry Related & Supporting Industries Factor Endowments SAP offered competitive salary, participation in local high-potential programs, foreign visits, the opportunity to work with global counterparts, and for long-term senior staff, a subsidized car policy. SAP set up programs to build relationships with China’s top 10 universities in computer science. Staff traveled to local universities to develop and maintain contact with their professors. SAP Human Resources set up a number of programs to help promote PhD internships at SAP Research. Stanford University three-month summer internship positions an incentive for top Chinese interns Finding talent difficult = 1% of master and PHD graduates with same qualifications as in US or Europe Difficult recruiting managers from abroad to China Compensation Wars for local talent Expatriates recruited also very expensive Difficult to retain staff due to high opportunities =problem for project that require 3-7 years Annual raises were common up to 15% or more Top graduates expected a high level of personal engagement Recruiting Challenges Solutions Key decision making for SAP Labs in China Recommendations Support of long-term investment in technology and R&D Tax incentives Reduced 15% corporate income tax 150% deduction for R&D expenditures if R&D spending has increased by 10% from the prior year Access to cheap land Establishing facilities in China eases market access premise to sell products Government allows easier access to clients Relationship building is very important Political stability supports long-term investments Some Facts 1.5 million employees CAGR: 29% over past three years 20,719 firms in software industry High market potential only 45% of companies had adapted ERP systems Demanding customers due to specifications of Chinese market Rapidly changing and developing market Market of the future: trends can be identified here Strong development of general Chinese economy Limited competition, mostly smaller companies with focus on SMEs SAP is market leader in large enterprise segment Focus of strategy is to deliver high quality software as a standardized solution with constant improvements and innovation SAP‘s structure: Geocentric firm sets the basis for successful operations in China Homogenous company culture Collective decision making „all pulling on one stringâ€Å": interdependent subsidiaries Partners are available, yet underutilized: Huawei became SAP‘s first Chinese partner in July 2012 Supporting industry is not as important as in other industries business outcomes are knowledge based only little up- and downstream activities Infrastructure Capital Resources Knowledge Resources Factor Endowments Physical Resources Human Resources Availability of skilled, hard-working, striving, aspiring workers: appr. 2.4 million graduates Workforce is comparatively cheap: 5000 – 9000 RMB per programmer 20,000 – 30,000 RMB per SAP consultant Competition for skilled university graduates is rough Access to information available, however on a limited basis due to restrictions imposed by the government (such as controlling the internet), Internal knowledge can be built up through exchange with other SAP sites High availability, large inflow of FDI, especially in high technology sector Capital is relatively cheap Different sources of financing available Cheap availability of land and office spaces, especially in software parks Other physical resources do not play a big role Software parks support the exchange of knowledge, lead to innovation, low communication costs Modern internet connections allow for highspeed communication with sites throughout the world Threats Wage levels rise in China companies already start moving to ASEAN countries Loss of IP due to violations and copyright infringements Intercultural problems might become an issue Hofstede: cultural distance between China and Western countries is very high Language barriers Time zone barriers General Threats Unfamiliarity Hazard Incorrect market assessment: Do Chinese firms really want to have standardized software Inadequate knowledge of country’s norms, values, culture, business conduct Lack of embeddedness in local networks (suppliers, customers, governments†¦) Relational Hazards Costs within the organization caused by geographic distance and limited flow of information Discrimination Hazards: Differential treatment of SAP by government, customers, employees Liability of Foreignness Transnationality Index Why Shanghai? Why SAP Labs in China? Why locate in a Software Park? Recruiting Decisions SAP Labs China SAP chose the Integrated R&D Network Approach to manage its worldwide R&D sites successfully R&D networks should follow two principles: Subsidiarity: whatever can be managed by a decentralized unit should not be taken care of in the center Moving centers of gravity: decentralized units take over projects if they are better in doing them than others Create a good working atmosphere Care for employees‘ families Assign interesting & challenging projects Give responsibilities to researchers Conduct intercultural trainings Offer attractive compensation packages Allow researchers to focus on research ïÆ'   – administrative work should be minimized Offer trainings and exchange with other R&D institutions Attract top talented and highly skilled graduates and experienced researchers Maintain tight contacts to local universities Provide support for workers who move to R&D site Choose renowned local researcher with international experiences as a lab leader: â€Å"technological gatekeeper† Include local managers with multicultural experiences to act as cultural mediators Facilitate integration through mentors One of the key success factors is managing humans – hiring and retaining talents accounts largely for the success Experienced managers and experts have to be transferred to new R&D site to share process knowledge, routines and culture which will improve the quality of the work and will make the R&D site an attractive place to work at. Attracting talented employees sets the cornerstone for successful R&D outcomes – contacts to universities are extremely valuable Recruitment Retention By holding turnover rates low, knowledge will be kept in the company and has the potential to multiply Each R&D site is on the same level R&D sites are closely interconnected by means of flexible and varied coordination mechanisms Each R&D site specializes in a particular field of research ïÆ'   development of â€Å"competence centers† Multi-dimensional coordination & information is necessary + Coupling of specialization and synergy effects + Global before local efficiency + Organizational learning across many locations + Exploitation and refining of local strengths – High coordination costs – Complex institutional rules & decision processes Key Characteristics 1 Long-term strategic vision for R&D site should be set Clear assignment of tasks and responsibilities for site Outlook for development ïÆ'   growth plan Quick first successes to strengthen respect and reputation for research work Determine appropriate size of R&D site for each development stage Closeness to business units Cooperation with universities and local research institutes to get fast access to new knowledge and developments Attracting new employees by close ties with universities Getting access to informal networks to gain insight information and knowledge Searching contact to companies to be close to the market/customers Regular visits by top managers should underline importance of new R&D site Promote research outcomes New site should be considered to be equal among other R&D locations Positioning as high-end research organization, which increases motivation and attractiveness for new employees Top management support is crucial to success of R&D site Appropriate resource allocation in terms of money, time, and people needs to be guaranteed Senior management has to be an advocate of new R&D site Incentives for managers should include components based on success of R&D site Besides managing employees, several other key areas including attention for R&D site and sponsorship have to be tackled Top management team commitment, support and involvement Steering committee: representation of relevant parties Led by managers with technical expertise and in-depth organizational knowledge Guidance and monitoring of R&D sites Virtual teams are the key success factor for successful team work Establish processes & infrastructure for efficient communication Allow for visits by granting travel budgets Create a strong corporate culture Encourage taking responsibility, initiative and self-leadership 360-degree feedback Transfer of experts & managers who spread routines, culture and processes Cooperation & exchange between competence centers Know-how and technologies need to be transferred and easily accessible throughout the organization Cross-functional and cross-dimensional communication has to be ensured over different channels, such as Visits, personal meetings, conferences, employee exchanges & trainings ïÆ'   set budget for traveling & exchange Intranet ïÆ'   To prevent the „not-invented-here syndromeâ€Å" Central staff department should support decentralized units Alignment of corporate strategy and R&D strategy Clear allocation of research focus to prevent duplication ïÆ'   competence centers should have a clear focus, should set research agendas Processes & Organization Leadership & Collaboration Strategy To successfully manage the integrated R&D network, SAP has to set the right course Attention for R&D site Strategy Cooperation Sponsorship The measures serve to increase identification, internal transfer and absorptive potentials Location matters Firms need to seek resources (esp. advanced)   

Does Word Length or Orthographical Neighbourhood Size?

Does Word Length or Orthographical Neighbourhood Size Effect Working Memory? Abstract Baddeley, Thomson and Buchanan (1975) were the first to systematically examine the effect of word length on memory finding that short words were recalled more easily than long words. This became known as the word length effect (WLE; Baddeley et al. 1975). Since this study WLE was further examined and presented mixed results (e. g. Baddeley, 2000; Cowan et al, 1992; Lewandowsky & Oberauer, 2009; Lovatt, Avons & Masterson, 2000).In 2011 Jalbert, Neath, Bireta, and Surprenant suggested that previous research conducted may have been subject to a confounding variable, orthographical neighbourhood size (ONS). In a study by Jalbert, Neath and Surprenant (2011) it was concluded that neighbourhood size, not length of the word, is important; therefore forgetting in short-term memory may be due to other variables than decay. The present study was further investigating the effect of word length and ONS by using 2Ãâ€"2 within groups ANOVA. The independent variables were word length and ONS.They both had two levels: 1 syllable (short) and 3 syllables (long) for word length and 3-5 neighbours (small) and 7-9 neighbours (large) for neighbourhood size. Words for the ONS were selected using MCWord, an online orthographic database (Medler & Binder, 2005). The dependent variable was the number of words successfully recalled in the correct order. It was hypothesized that short words would be recalled better than long words, and that words with a large ONS would be recalled better than words with a small ONS.There will be no interaction between the two groups. There were eight participants (Leeds Met undergraduates) selected through convenience sampling. The experiment was run with the use of E-prime (Schneider, Eschman, & Zuccolotto, 2002). Participants were presented with six words then words were displayed on the left side of the screen, participants were asked to indicate the order in which th ey had been presented in. The number of correctly recorded words was used as the measure of the accuracy of their memories.Results showed that there was no significant effect on the ease of recall relating to either word length or ONS, therefore not supporting the hypotheses or previous research. This could be due to a small sample size. The different stimuli used may also have been problematic as previous research indicates (Bireta, Neath & Surprenant, 2006). This may imply that there is another reason for why forgetting occurs and it is not specifically related to decay or ONS. Further investigation into this is recommended. References Baddeley, A.D. , Thomson, N. , & Buchanan, M. (1975). Word length and the structure of short-term memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 14, 575–589. Baddeley, A. D. (2000). The episodic buffer: A new component of working memory? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4, 417–423. Bireta, T. J. , Neath, I. , & Surprenant, A. M. (2006). The syllable-based word length effect and stimulus set specificity. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 13, 434–438. Cowan, N. , Day, L. , Saults, J. S. , Kellar, T. A. , Johnson, T. , & Flores, L. 1992). The role of verbal output time in the effects of word length on immediate memory. Journal of Memory & Language, 31, 1-17. Jalbert, A. , Neath, I. , Bireta, T. J. , & Surprenant, A. M. (2011). When does length cause the word length effect? Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 37, 338–353. Jalbert, A. , Neath, I. & Surprenant, A. M. (2011). Does length or neighbourhood size cause the word length effect? Memory and Cognition, 39, 1198-1210. Lewandowsky, S. , & Oberauer, K. (2009).No evidence for temporal decay in working memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Association Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 35, 1545-1551. Lovatt, P. , Avons, S. E. , & Masterson, J. (2002). Output decay in immediate serial recall: Speech time revisited. Journal of Memory & Language, 46, 227-243. Medler, D. A. , & Binder, J. R. (2005): MCWord: An on-line orthographic database of the English language. Schneider, W. , Eschman, A. , & Zuccolotto, A. (2002). E-Prime User's Guide. Pittsburgh: Psychology Software Tools, Inc.

Great Expectations Analyzed Through A Marxist Criticism

Marxism consists of the political and economic theories of Karl Marx, in which class struggle is a central element in the analysis of social change in Western societies. Marxism applies to the novel Great Expectations in many ways. Dickens uses Pip’s complex and altering relationships with Estella, Joe, and Magwitch to show the subjugation of the working-class from the privileged. Estella is raised in a prosperous household and is judgmental of Pip because he is from the working class. She insults his appearance when she says, But he is a common laboring boy. And look at his boots! (Dickens 45) because he is not of the upper class. She also criticizes the way he speaks when he calls one of the playing cards Jacks instead of Knaves†¦show more content†¦Pip’s relationship with Joe changes greatly through the novel. Pip loves Joe for the duration of the story, but his feelings for Joe change throughout Dickens’ interpretation of the social classes. Joe acts as a father figure for Pip at the beginning of Great Expectations, but transforms into a friend and equal when Pip discovers why Joe cannot read. When Pip becomes wealthy, his relationship with Joe becomes strained and awkward. This is Dickens’ way of exemplifying the differences between the social classes. Pip looks down on Joe and is embarrassed by his manners and inability to r ead. One of the ironies in the novel is that Pips financial augmentation and ascension in society, is complemented by moral deterioration. Dickens uses this to express his outlook on the upper-classes. I thought of Estella and how common she would consider Joe, a mere blacksmith (Dickens 55).† This shows how Pip is ashamed of his family and being â€Å"common,† while Joe remains a selfless and honest man throughout the entire story. Pip’s divergence with Joe in this sense is a mirror for Dickens’ beliefs about the differences between the lower and upper-classes. Dickens contrasts the traditional view of a gentleman as a man of moral integrity with his portrayal of a gentleman as a man of wealth, status, and leisure. When Pip leaves for London he recalls, â€Å"I told Joe I wished to walk away all alone (Dickens 123).† Pip didn’t want anybody to see that he had come fromShow MoreRelatedEssay on Like water for chocolate6961 Words   |  28 Pa gesThe realistic laws of cause and effect are suspended: whereas events in realistic novels occur for reasons that are eventually made clear and lead logically to the conclusion of the plot, in magical realism events don’t follow these â€Å"normal† expectations so we often see things happening without an explanation and or reasons we can’t or don’t expect—we are left to accept even the strange without surprise. In realistic novels, characters are given individualized names, personalities, and familyRead MoreHeart of Darkness in the Light of Psychoanalytic Theories.4599 Words   |  19 PagesPsychoanalytic Criticism Psychoanalytic criticism originated in the work of Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, who pioneered the technique of psychoanalysis. Freud developed a language that described, a model that explained, and a theory that encompassed human psychology. His theories are directly and indirectly concerned with the nature of the unconscious mind. Through his multiple case studies, Freud managed to find convincing evidence that most of our actions are motivated by psychologicalRead MoreEssay about Heart of Darkness: Psychoanalytic Criticism4502 Words   |  19 PagesHeart of Darkness: Psychoanalytic Criticism Psychoanalytic criticism originated in the work of Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, who pioneered the technique of psychoanalysis. Freud developed a language that described, a model that explained, and a theory that encompassed human psychology. His theories are directly and indirectly concerned with the nature of the unconscious mind. Through his multiple case studies, Freud managed to find convincing evidence that most of our actions are motivatedRead MoreLiterature Review on Consumer Behaviour16053 Words   |  65 Pagesconsumer, as a â€Å"black box† and thereby assume that consumer behaviour is a conditioned response to external events. The behavioural perspective therefore focuses on external environmental cues (such as advertising) that stimulate consumer response through learning. The strategic emphasis, of the behavioural modification theories, for example, are to devise a set of expanded behaviour modification techniques (e.g., respondent conditioning; operant conditioning; vicarious learning etc.) that can be usedRead MoreFamily Tree19118 Words   |  77 Pagesbehavior. The early generation of development communication studies was dominated by modernization theory. This theory suggested that cultural and information deficits lie underneath development problems, and therefore could not be resolved only through 2 economic assistance (a la Marshall Plan in post-war Europe). Instead, the difficulties in Third World countries were at least partially related to the existence of a traditional culture that inhibited development. Third World countries lackedRead MoreStatement of Purpose23848 Words   |  96 Pagesapplying to the Zoology and Botany graduate programs at the University of Florida asks—tells—applicants that the statement of purpose is very important and they should focus on future experiences, not on past experiences. As you develop topics one through six, also consider the bulleted list of additional suggestions below. 1. Illustrate and explain how and when you became interested in the field: Applicants often include an anecdotal and personal example from their formative years that illustratesRead MoreThe Stakeholder Theory11680 Words   |  47 Pageslocations or skills, will, of course, receive rents, but the rewards of the marginal contributors will only be normal. A s a result of competition throughout the system, the bulk of the benefits will go to the customers. (There is, of course, a Marxist-capitalist version of this model in which both the customer and the investor arrows are reversed, and the object of the game is merely to produce benefits for the investors. This interpretation now seems to be confined almost exclusively to the fieldRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagestraditions that contribute to our understanding of organizations. Professor Tomas Mà ¼llern, Jà ¶nkà ¶ping International Business School, Sweden . McAuley, Duberley and Johnson’s Organizational Theory takes you on a joyful ride through the developments of one of the great enigmas of our time – How should we understand the organization? Jan Ole Similà ¤, Assistant Professor, Nord-Trà ¸ndelag University College, Norway I really enjoyed this new text and I am sure my students will enjoy it, too. It combinesRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagesto deny the African part of their heritage. And the truth is also that in Jamaica at that time the privileging of lighter-skinned people was standard practice. Rastas were confronting so many of these long-held notions and so were bound to face a great deal of resistance. What Edmonds manages to do here is offer us a way to appreciate the importance of Rastafarianism as a religious phenomenon that is consistent with much of what happens when religious groups and movements grow and develop. IndeedRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesand industrial depression from the late 1860s to the 1890s, as well as the social tensions and political rivalries that generated and were in turn fed by imperialist expansionism, one cannot begin to comprehend the causes and consequences of the Great War that began in 1914. That conflict determined the contours of the twentieth century in myriad ways. On the one hand, the war set in motion transformative processes that were clearly major departures from those that defined the nineteenth-century

Thomas Wolseys fall from power Essay example - 1416 Words

The most important reason for Wolsey’s fall from power was his failure to obtain a divorce. How far do you agree? Wolsey was a cardinal and statesman, Henry’s lord chancellor and most faithful servant, whom he was most reliant upon. From 1515 to 1529 Wolsey’s rule was undisputed. Henry VIII delegated more and more state business to him, including near complete control of England’s foreign policy. Wolsey’s finest hour was arranging the Field of Cloth of Gold. Wolsey used his wealth to indulge his passion for building, his grand style of living made him increasingly unpopular. Wolsey’s failure to arrange an annulment for Henry was quickly followed by his downfall. In this essay I will look how far this was the main reason for his collapse†¦show more content†¦Catherine was not willing to let go easily as this meant her child Mary could be made illegitimate, she was also a strong Catholic and believed that she was supposed to be Queen of England. She refused to go to a convent and refused to go to the hearing in London, which is why she appealed in Rome, this gave her a stronger chance to win her case. Another strong reason was the fact that Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor and Catharine’ s nephew was holding the Pope hostage and had him under house arrest. Charles V had invaded Italy and therefore the Pope was in no position to agree a divorce (considering the family connections). In normal circumstances he may have gotten the divorce. When the final failure of Wolsey’s efforts to secure the divorce became apparent the king turned on his once faithful and most trusted servant. Henry felt let down and Wolsey was no longer useful. In addition Wolsey was becoming less successful as on the political front Charles V had taken Italy while Francis I had grown tired of the war and sought peace. In this he abandoned Italy to Charles, and they agreed on a Treaty at Cambrai which Henry effectively ignored. As a result Wolsey`s grand plan for conservative reform and England holding the balance of power in Europe fell. Henry seized the initiative from an absent Wolsey and so the relationship between them worsened. He stopped listening to Wolsey and turned to other advisers and suggestions like of Crammer andShow MoreRelated Wolseys Responsibility For His Own Downfall Essay2581 Words   |  11 PagesWolseys Responsibility For His Own Downfall Thomas Wolsey can be easily viewed as being responsible for his own downfall. John Guy believes that Wolsey was â€Å"brilliant but flawed.† His rise was based on luck, charm, intelligence and opportunism. Wolsey had such high ambitions and gave Henry the idea he was capable of getting him anything, so when Wolsey failed to get Henry a divorce, it was seen as the final nail on the coffin to his downfall. His policies are alsoRead MoreThomas Cromwell : A Great Writer Essay731 Words   |  3 PagesThomas Cromwell Thomas Cromwell was a great English statesman and lawyer who lived in the late 1400s to early 1500s. He was born in 1485 in the district of Putney in London, England. Though he was born into a blacksmith and trade family, he wanted to be self-made and get into the government and politics of England. At a young age, Thomas Cromwell traveled through Europe, including Italy and France, picking up various trades such as military, banking and as a clerk but later ending up as a lawyerRead MoreThe Rule Of The Court Of Henry Viii And The Fall Of Thomas Cromwell2088 Words   |  9 PagesKing’s decision making process. When exploring the idea that Henry VIII was controlled by factions, there are three events during the King’s reign, which suggest that faction was highly influential and prominent: the fall of Cardinal Wolsey, the fall of Anne Boleyn and the fall of Thomas Cromwell. It is intriguing to notice how the changing nature of the Tudor court under Henry and Henryâ€℠¢s changing personality meant that he became more susceptible to the influence of court factions in the later yearsRead MoreDomestic Policy Under Cardinal Thomas Wolsey Was a Failure How Far Do You Agree with This Statement?2564 Words   |  11 Pagesfurther boost his own personal power and increase his income, implying that more of his time should have been allocated to reforming social and economic policy and using his vast intelligence to improve the way government operated in England at the time. However there was very little contemporary discontent with the way the country was being run in the first place. So perhaps these expectations are anachronistically minded as the vast majority expected very little from the government; Rather than radicalRead MoreThe Protestant Reform Movements On The European Continent Against The Roman Catholic Church3669 Words   |  15 PagesCardinal Thomas Wolsey as Lord Chancellor, and later with Sir Thomas More in that same office (Marshall 31). However, in 1526, Henry VIII was in love with Anne Boleyn, and the delay of Pope Clement VII to grant him an annulment of his marriage to Katherine of Aragon set in motion the events leading to the English Reformation. This reformation was distinct in that it was led by the Crown, though influenced heavily by Anne herself and her faction comprising Thomas Cranmer and temporary ally Thomas CromwellRead MoreThe Black Death2711 Words   |  11 Pagesthe medieval world this was not considered. Instead people believed that they were being punished by god and or Jews and witches were behind the disease. In the Medieval world there was no explanation for the Black Death. Many saw it as a punishment from god for committing sin. On the other hand, people also started to blame the Jewish population, they were arrested and even killed. The movement known as the Flagellants started in Germany. The people of this movement believed that the Black Death wasRead MoreHow Did England Change During The Reign Of Henry Viii4123 Words   |  17 Pagescountry into a peaceful kingdom free from foreign and domestic issues, however Henry VIII reverted this work and in doing so had spent most of the money his father had left him with, whilst also reducing the overall income of the crown and treasury. Henry VII To know how England changed during Henry VIII’s reign we must first look at what it was like before he gained control, when his father Henry VII was in power. Henry VII had a weak claim to the throne from his mother Margaret Beaufont howeverRead MoreHenry Viii And The Reformation Of England s Church System4160 Words   |  17 Pagesthe facts in with historical figures. History is not just facts, it is a story, and like any good story it should pull a reader in and make them interested. The historical figures utilized will be Katherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Thomas Wolsey, Thomas Cromwell, and Thomas Cranmer due to their direct correlation to the change in the religious system of England. The sources utilized were chosen and implemented in relation to how they encompassed concepts related to historical figures, the Church, andRead MoreStudy Guide to Renaissance Humanism2965 Words   |  12 Pagesthemselves tried to study and use only the best Greek and Latin in their transla tions. During the Reformation, Anabaptism drew its membership mostly from the ranks of the C. peasants (C) Each of the three major Protestant groups—Lutheran, Calvinist, and Anabaptist—relied in major ways on particular social elements. Although Lutheranism drew support from a broad social spectrum, Luther himself was forced to rely on sympathetic nobles of the Holy Roman Empire in order to defend Lutheranism against theRead More The Child King Henry VII got married in 1509, 1533, 1536, 1540 (twice), and 1543 - why?3433 Words   |  14 Pagesgrew older, but he never grew up. Even in 1540, by which time Henry was advanced in age, the French ambassador Marillac wrote of him that he suffered from lightness and inconstancy which has perverted the rights of religion, marriage, faith and promise, as softened wax can be altered to any form (Douglas 394). One might not expect the ambassador from France, Henrys now-and-again archenemy, to be neutral in his assessment, but Henrys actio ns also reveal his immaturity. During the first half of

Case Study 2001 Recession - 1278 Words

Ashley Alaniz ECON1301 Mr. Armstrong 06 November 2014 CASE STUDY: 2001 RECESSION ANALYSIS Beginning in March 2001, America soon fell into another recession that lasted eight months and ended in November of that same year. 2001 also happened to be the year 9/11 occurred which fueled the low confidence in the economic industry. The decline in services and employment after the attack made it inevitable that there is a recession underway. The recession of 2001 came during the introduction to the new electronic age when the technology industry was in full effect but little did the economy know that would play a major role in its downfall. The main factor that contributed to the recession was the collapse of the dotcom bubble, the rise of the technology industry and the new trend of internet websites. Many of these companies engaged in daring business practices with the hopes of dominating the market. Most used the practice of growth over profit, with the idea that if they built up their customer base, their profits would rise as well. As a result, the stock price of many high tech companies started to rise. This led to a lot of investors’ money going to any kind of high tech company, whether or not they were showing profits, and unfortunately many of these companies failed when the bubble finally burst. The loss of consumer faith in the tech industry also took a hit on earnings for technology ventures. The market also took a major downturn in the event of the terroristShow MoreRelatedJohn Moody Case Study Essay1318 Words   |  6 Pagesaround the Organization? Charlotte Wilson Chancellor University Abstract This paper explores a case study in which an organization went into a recession and had to reorganize everything. I will be explaining how recession works and what happens in a recession. I will also talk about planning and organization of a business. We will also explore what people have to do when in a recession. John Moody What Should be Done to Turn Around the Organization Often times people in this countryRead MoreA Review On Currency Devaluation1120 Words   |  5 Pagesthe late 1900’s after many decades of prosperity. Even the best intended responses to an economic crisis may or may not correct the situation or may even exacerbate it, as outlined in the Case Study by Gerber (2010) in Argentina. A review of currency devaluation will set the stage for an analysis of the case and Argentina’s response to their lengthy crisis. Currency devaluation is the deliberate lowering of the value of a county’s currency to combat trade imbalances, causing a county’s exportsRead MoreEssay Risk Management1556 Words   |  7 Pagesrisks and rewards undertaken with each investment. Risk focuses on the future and our ability to forecast that future. In turn, the ability to predict the future is largely dependent on what you’ve learned from the past. The best you can do is to study the record and draw on experience - your own and that of others. There is no easy scientific method that will guarantee all risks will be identified. Examine all sources of risk from the perspectivesRead MoreEssay on The Minimum Wage Should Be Increased1048 Words   |  5 Pagesdemand for labor. A recent study by Andreas Georgiadis (2008) supported this view. In the study, Georgiadis states â€Å"estimation results suggest that higher wage costs were more than offset by lower monitoring costs, and thus the overall evidence implies that the national minimum wage may have operated as an Efficiency Wage.† These policies also encourage employers to increase training investments. Economists Daron Acemoglu and Jà ¶rn†Steffen Pischke showed in their study (1999) that compression inRead MoreMinimum Wage Should Be Increased1057 Words   |  5 Pagesdemand for labor. A recent study by Andreas Georgiadis (2008) supported this view. In the study, Georgiadis states â€Å"estimation results suggest that higher wage costs were more than offset by lower monitoring costs, and thus the overall evidence implies that the national minimum wage may have operated as an Efficiency Wage.† These policies also encourage employers to increase training investments. Economists Daron Acemoglu and Jà ¶rn†Steffen Pischke showed in their study (1999) that compression in theRead MoreEssay about Welfare Reform: Promoting Independence and Self-Reliance1740 Words   |  7 PagesClinton proposed that states and communities should develop training programs to help people get the basic skills they need to remain a strong contestant in the job market. Many communities took the initiative and developed these programs. In most cases, the training programs have been successful, but there are still critics who argue against them. Those who stand in opposition claim that most state and employer programs focus on getting recipients quickly into jobs, rather than on providing trainingRead MoreU.S. Automobile Manufacturing in the Twenty-First Century1540 Words   |  7 Pagesautomobile industries as well of organizational practices have changed since the 20th century (Greer, 2001 ). Several developments such as global competition, advanced technology, and reengineering are more likely to affect human resource managers in the automobile industry (Greer, 2001, p. 68). Human Resource Issues Managers in the Automobile Industry Should Be Prepared For Based on the case study, global competition is an issue that human resource managers should be prepared for in the future. Read MoreBenefits Of Developing Countries Adopting Capital Controls During A Recession1529 Words   |  7 Pagesadopting capital controls during a recession, a case study on Malaysia’s success through the imposition of capital restriction during the 1998 Asia crisis and whether developing countries should adopt such capital restrictions. I. Costs of developing countries adopting capital controls Capital controls that restrict capital inflow will halt foreign financing for high-return investments, thus impeding the growth rates of the developing countries. During a recession, firms are affected from fundingRead MoreProblems and Questions817 Words   |  4 PagesI. Briefly explain the meaning of R-squared. A time series analysis of demand tends to result in a higher R-squared than one using cross-sectional data. Why do you think this is the case? R-squared measures the goodness of fit of a regression equation. A time series analysis of demand tends to result in a higher R-squared than one using cross-sectional data because data is being gathered at multiple periods of time as opposed to one period of time when using cross-sectional data. II. What isRead MoreBenefits of Congestion Charge in Tokyo1604 Words   |  7 Pageshousehold by prefecture was Tokyo with 0.497(Automobile Inspection Association, 2009). Nevertheless, there are chronic enormous traffic jams in Tokyo. Congestion charging systems have been considered because many suburbanites have gathered to work, study and make a purchase in the city. As a result of the consideration, the new systems have been practised in many cities, such as Oslo, Singapore and London, to resolve urban traffic congestion. At the end of the 20th century, the issue of whether or

Effect of Intellectual Property Law on Business-Free-Samples

Question: Write a Literature review on Intellectual Property Law and its Impact on Business. Answer: Introduction Intellectual Property Law provides IP rights to the owners and creators of intellectual property. The main purpose of the IPLs is to ensure that people are given rights and protection over the intellectual property created and owned by them. Rights are provided to the individuals or groups in relation to literary works, photography, painting, music and scientific innovations. This is to ensure that people are motivated to make new discoveries and innovations as their rights in relation to such work would be protected. On the other hand there are some disadvantages of the application of IPL as well. The purpose of this paper is to conduct a review of literature in relation to the impact of Intellectual property law on modern day businesses Intellectual property rights According to Bently Sherman (2014) the main purpose of IPL is to provide and protect IP rights to the creators of intellectual property. These rights allow the owner to sell the property rights or earn royalty of them. The primary legislation which deals with intellectual property law in UK is the Intellectual Property Act 2014. Through the application of IPRs the businesses are able to protect their brand name or sign in form of trademark. They can also protect any exclusive innovation done by the business through obtaining patents and were any original work is created by the business they are automatically provided with a copyright. Therefore the main areas in which the intellectual property law operates are patents, copyrights and trademarks. Copyrights Hart, Clark Fazzani (2013) defines copyright as a intangible property right which subsists in a certain qualified subject-matter. In the UK the laws in relation to copyrights are governed through the provisions Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 which is amended from time to time. As stated by Hovenkamp (2016) a comprehensive picture of the law can be acquired only through recourse towards the European Union Jurisprudence as harmonization and legal integration throughout the EU is increasing. According to Torremans (2016) copyright requires the considerations of issues like subsistence (Whether the subject matter is qualified for the copyright to subsist), ownership (whether the person is a owner ), incidents of ownership (rights flowing from ownership and term of monopoly) infringement (primary and secondary), defenses and remedies. Subsistence of copyright As stated by Tan Loy (2013) copyright subsists in the expression of an idea and not the Idea itself. This means that unless an idea is not expressed it is not eligible to be protected under the copyright laws. There are certain kinds of work as provided by Torremans (2016) which are eligible for protection these include original dramatic works, original literary works, original artistic works and original music works. However the work must itself be original in order for a copyright to subsist. This means the work has been produced by the labor, judgment and skill of the owner. Out of these there are also fixation requirements imposed on a few works such as a dramatic, musical or literary work has to be recorded irrespective of the fact that it has been done with the permission of the author or not. Multiple copyrights and the Music industry Kelbrick Visser (2013) states that one single item can contain more than one copyright. For instance, where an album is to be released by a group of musicians their copyrights would be divided. The divisions is into copyright on sound recording, copyright on lyrics, copyright in cover artwork and copyright in sheet music. Amidst such division there is a profound possibility of conflicts. As argued by Williams (2015) division of such rights is although fair but the process of unequal divisions dose not satisfies those parties who have been provided a lesser part. The division of such copyrights differs in the music industry from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Those who crate the lyrics are provided less part in copyrights as compared to those who compose the music. The music industry as a result generates substantial amount of litigation in relation to copyrights on music albums. The litigations originate in relation to rights such as reproduction of the work, distribution of copies o f the work, publically performing the work, making derivative works or displaying the work. Nimmer (2013) states that it is important to register a copyright even if it is provided upon the recording of the work in order to stay away from disputes and gain additional protection and benefits. Copyrights and employees According to Joyce et al. (2016) the general principle of law provides that the owner of the work produced by an employee during the course of employment using the tools provided by the employer belong to the employer. There have been several disputes regarding the ownership of a copyright between an employer and an employee in the history. The question which the court has to determine is that who is the actual owner of the work which has been produced. The general rule subjected to any separate arrangements made between the employer and the employee. This means that when there is any agreement to the contrary than the employer would not be regarded as the first owner of the copyrights. The legislation does not define what the phrase in the course of employment which means that the term is left ambiguous and courts have been provided a broad range of power towards interpreting the phrase. Hart, Clark Fazzani (2013) provides that generally the court apply a simple provisions to analy ze employment which means whether the work has been produced under a contract of service or a contract for services . Through the application the courts are able to determine the control of the employer on the employee. Copyright and joint authors To the contrary in the music industry where a single work has been created by more than one author the copyright of authors are not distinct from each other. This feature of copyrights again provides the scope for conflict between the authors. These people are considered as joint owners. The rule is exempted where there is a distinct and separate contribution of the authors towards the work. In such cases the authors are provided different ownership such as in the music industry. The joint authors have the right to transfer their ownership in a single person as a result of the transferable nature of copyright. In case of a joint ownership the owners are entitled to equally receive profits in relation to the copyrights. Thus if one of the owners bears all the cost of production he would not be provided with any additional copyright as compared to the other owners. Defenses There are certain defenses which attempt to mitigate the disadvantages of copyright law in relation to restricting innovations. The defense is in relation to the fair use of copyright material. When literary works are produced the students are allowed to use such work in a fair manner with proper acknowledgement. This allows for fair research work without infringing the copyright of others. The concept had been discussed in the case of Hubbard v Vosper, [1972] 2 Q.B. 84. In case the copyright owned by a business or an individual is infringed there are both civil and criminal remedies available to the owner. The civil remedies which are available to the owners of the copyright under the legislation includes interlocutory injunctions, pecuniary remedies, Anton Pillar orders , Mareva injunctions and Norwich Pharmacal order. The infringer is also liable to be prosecuted criminally by the courts. Patents As defined by LaLonde Gilson (2016) a patent is an exclusive right which has been provided by the state to a business for a limited period in return of publically disclosing the invention. The invention has to be a solution for a particular problem, process or product. The right to make sell or use an invention is not provided by a patent under law. From the legal point of view it is the right to exclude others from selling, using, or making the patented discovery for a specific period which is generally for twenty years and subjected to maintenance fee or payments. In the business content a patent provides the right to its owner from using it in court to exclude the others. A patent like any intellectual property can be sold, assigned, mortgaged or abandoned. Rights for business under patents Although the patent is an exclusionary right it does not give the owner a fixed right to exploit the invention in relation to the patent. Dispute arises as many patents are a extension of prior invention and may be covered by other patents as well. Only if the previous patent holders givers permission the new patent holder would be allowed to use the invention. In some jurisdictions patents are imposed with working provisions which means that they can only be exploited in a particular jurisdiction which is covered by them. The consequence of not continuing research on an invention also varies between jurisdiction which includes revocation of the patent and proving compulsory license to the other parties towards exploiting the invention. The revocation can be challenged by the patent holder by providing evidence which suggests that reasonable public requirements have been met (Horwitz Horwitz 2016). Challenges The validity of an issued or allowed patent can be challenged by any party in the national patent offices in a process known as opposition proceedings. The validity of a patent can also be challenged in court. In both the cases the parties making the challenge tries to prove that the patent should not have been granted. There are various grounds of challenges which are available to the parties. These include that the subject matter cannot be patented, the subject matter was not new, was general to experts in the same filed and there was fraud in obtaining the patent. If any of such reasons succeed the patent is found to be invalid as a whole or in part. Trademarks Boldrin Levine (2013) defined a trademark as an expression, sign or design which can be recognized in relation to the identification of a service or a product. They are used to distinguish the source of a particular product or services from the other. A trademark can be owned by a business or an individual or any legal entity. A trademark may be found on the voucher, label or package of the product. The trademarks are displayed on the company building in the sake of corporate identity. Trademarks also come under intellectual property rights. Usage in business The brand owner of a particular product or service is identified through a trademark. Trademarks can be provided as licenses to others. The unauthorized use of trademark gives rise to civil penalties where the owner can claim monetary compensation and injunctions. Legal action can be commenced by the trademark owner in case of any infringement of their rights. Common law rights of trademark are recognized in the UK. There are several disputes between the business where identical trademarks are developed and used. Summary Form the review of the above discussed literature it is clear that the IPL have a significant impact on businesses. These impacts are visible in industries like the music industry. The rights and ownership allocation also raises significant issues in the employment relations are there is a lack of concrete provisions of deal with the issue. The courts have broad range of powers towards interpreting the term in the course of employment. In addition there are significant challenges in the music industry towards analyzing the ownership of copyrights as the rights have to be divided among several owners. Businesses also uses patents in order to prevent the others form involving in relation to a particular product, process or problems. The grant of patents can be challenged by the other parties in court and they can be revoked in part or as a whole. Trademarks are also used by the business in order to distinguish the brand from the others. A business is not allowed to copy the trademark o f another business or they may be subjected to provisions of trademark infringement. References Bently, L., Sherman, B. (2014).Intellectual property law. Oxford University Press, USA. Boldrin, M., Levine, D. K. (2013). The case against patents.The journal of economic perspectives,27(1), 3-22. Hart, T., Clark, S., Fazzani, L. (2013).Intellectual property law. Palgrave Macmillan. Horwitz, L., Horwitz, E. (2016). Discovery in Trademark Cases in the Courts and Trademark Trial and Appeal Board.Intellectual Property Counseling Litigation,5. Hovenkamp, H. (2016).IP and antitrust: an analysis of antitrust principles applied to intellectual property law(Vol. 1). Wolters Kluwer Law Business. Joyce, C., Ochoa, T. T., Carroll, M. W., Leaffer, M. A., Jaszi, P. (2016).Copyright law(p. 85). Carolina Academic Press. Kelbrick, R., Visser, C. (2013). Intellectual property law.Annual Survey of South African Law,2013(1), 691-715. LaLonde, A. G., Gilson, J. (2016).Foreign Trademark Protection(Vol. 3). Gilson on Trademarks. Lerner, J., Tirole, J. (2015). Standard-essential patents.Journal of Political Economy,123(3), 547-586. Moser, P. (2013). Patents and innovation: evidence from economic history.The Journal of Economic Perspectives,27(1), 23-44. Nard, C. A. (2014).The Law of Patents. Wolters Kluwer Law Business. Nimmer, D. (2013).Nimmer on copyright. LexisNexis. Tan, T. J., Ng-Loy, W. L. (2013). Intellectual property law.Singapore Academy of Law Annual Review of Singapore Cases, (Annual Review 2013), 412. Torremans, P. (2016).Holyoak and Torremans intellectual property law. Oxford University Press. Williams, M. (2015). Intellectual Property at the Edge: The Contested Contours of I

Virtual Controversies Essays - Computing, Content-control Software

Virtual Controversies It was once forcasted that computers in the future would weigh no more than 1.5 tons. Of course, in today's technologically savvy times, it's a common occurrence to see people holding their computers in their lap, or even in their hand. There's no doubt about it: the computer already plays an important role in our lives and that role is likely to expand as more advancements are made. However, new innovations mean new controversies. The Internet, for example, has transformed the way people communicate, conduct business, learn, and entertain themselves. With a simple click of the mouse key, one can do things that were thought science fiction just a few decades ago. For all the benefits associated with the Internet, the presence of pornography, hate groups, and other distasteful topics has lead to a nationwide debate on first amendment rights and censorship. The goal for the Internet should not be total freedom for unsavory groups to deliver their message to whomever they can, but a balance between the freedom of those who want this material and the freedom of those who do not. When President Clinton signed the Communication Decency Act into law on February 8, 1996, he effectively approved the largest alteration of national communication laws in 62 years. In order to elicit a response from web creators who published ?indecent? sites, the bill instituted criminal penalties. However, the emphasis in the bill was on ?decency? and not ?obscenity?- which had long been established as the method to determine what was supported by the first amendment and what was not. The CDA was eventually overthrown in Reno vs. ACLU because of the unconstitutionality vague wording and the noted importance in keeping the Internet a hospital arena for free expression and speech. In 1998, another piece of legislation was approved called the Child Online Protection Act, or COPA, that is considered less stringent than the Communication Decency Act, but is currently undergoing the same analysis of its adherence to the Constitution by the ACLU. Even if the Child Online Protection Act managed to pass the court's high standards, there exists no way for a national piece of legislation to control an international network. The Internet is massive and chaotic in nature since it is technologically infesible for any one group to own or organize it. According to latest estimates, more than 40 percent of US households own a computer and 90 million adults use the Internet regularly (?Cyber Eyes?). Users can access the are many wonders of the online world like email, gopher sites, IRC (Internet Relay Chat) channels, newsgroups, and web pages. The idea that censorship could restrict this freedom, a trademark characteristic of the Internet, would altogether defeat the purpose of it. Once a person places information on a Web page or bulletin board, there is little control over, or knowledge of, who gains access to it. The government has no right infringing on the rights and freedoms of adult individuals in order to make the Internet ?safe? for children. The hallmark of a democratic society is allowing a variety of ideas and information to be accessible to its citizens. If that means allowing hate groups to post a site on the Internet, then so be it. Journalist Howard Rheingold predicts that Heavy-handed attempts to impose restrictions on the unruly but incredibly creative anarchy of the Net could kill the spirit of cooperative knowledge-sharing that makes the Net valuable to millions (Rheingold n.p.). Perhaps the reason why government censorship is so attractive is because some people are not willing to learn about the Internet and take the initiative to seek alternatives that better suit their needs. Blatant laziness should not excuse the right of government to interfere in people's lives and repress certain individual liberties that are sacred. Internet users treasure their Constitutional rights and the idea that the Internet is another instrument by which to express their freedom of speech. And, while it is true that the Internet poses some very real dangers to children, those dangers must be addressed in a meaningful manner; blind censorship will simply not do the job. The presence of pornography and other distasteful sites are relative to the overall size and uses of the Internet. Some argue that there is no amount of censorship or filtering available that will altogether restrict access to questionable material. Children are bound to learn about the less positive aspects of the world one way or the another, either through friends, the media, or